Interviewing Skills 2
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quarta-feira, 24 de novembro de 2010
segunda-feira, 1 de novembro de 2010
quarta-feira, 30 de junho de 2010
Cyberbullying
Numa actividade da unidade de crédito de MREL, do mestrado de Pedagogia em Elearning da Universidade Aberta, eu e o Marco Freitas criámos um recurso educativo aberto (REA) através da ferramenta do GoAnimate.
A temática está relacionada com a Segurança na Internet e os jovens, e concentrámos a nossa atenção no "cyberbullying".
Espero que este recurso desperte a atenção dos jovens alunos, professores e pais, a quem convido, desde já, a comentar e a propôr sugestões que possam melhorar ou completar a animação seguinte:
GoAnimate.com: Cyberbullying by Telma e Marco
Like it? Create your own at GoAnimate.com. It's free and fun!
A temática está relacionada com a Segurança na Internet e os jovens, e concentrámos a nossa atenção no "cyberbullying".
Espero que este recurso desperte a atenção dos jovens alunos, professores e pais, a quem convido, desde já, a comentar e a propôr sugestões que possam melhorar ou completar a animação seguinte:
GoAnimate.com: Cyberbullying by Telma e Marco
Like it? Create your own at GoAnimate.com. It's free and fun!
terça-feira, 11 de maio de 2010
Debate-autenticidade e transparência na rede
Conclusão-síntese sobre o debate acerca da autenticidade e transparência na rede.
Inicialmente foi proposto analisar os dois tópicos propostos pelo professor. O primeiro que medida a nossa identidade digital é um prolongamento da nossa identidade pública ou um campo alternativo de expressão de uma dimensão escondida da nossa personalidade íntima.
A identidade digital, que segundo algumas definições encontradas aquando de pesquisas efectuadas na Internet, é considerada a representação digital dos dados de um determinado utilizador. Os dados incluídos poderão ir desde o nome, contribuinte, Bilhete de identidade ou cartão do cidadão, morada, currículo, entre outros.
A partir do momento em que nós utilizadores colocamos/publicamos os nossos dados em suporte digital na Internet, eles tornam-se públicos e ficam disponíveis e acessíveis a todos os utilizadores que navegam na internet e de certo modo, podemos ver a nossa intimidade e a nossa privacidade exposta de alguma forma e os nossos dados desprotegidos.
Este tema exige ser tratado com muita seriedade, no entanto, é e costuma ser tratado pelos utilizadores da rede com alguma leviandade. Devemos então, ser realistas e conscienciosos relativamente à nossa identidade digital e tentar manter a privacidade dos nossos dados, sem entrar em histeria e paranóia injustificada.
Quer a identidade digital, quer a identidade pública devem ser abordadas de forma a garantir a privacidade dos indivíduos. Existe uma preocupação acrescida relativamente à exposição e/ou tornar pública a identidade digital de indivíduos menores de idade, pois estes necessitam de autorização parental para a publicação dos seus dados.
Quando expomos os nossos dados através de uma identificação digital, devemos exigir que sejamos informados sobre o quê, quando e onde, de que forma, o conteúdo será publicado e como será classificado e quais as políticas a atribuir.
Uma vez que o utilizador torna pública uma imagem sua, ela percorre a rede e apesar de o utilizador a apagar ela poderá ser encontrada num computador muito distante e disponibilizada na rede. "Uma vez na Net, sempre na Net".
Por vezes, para contornar esta problemática, o utilizador cria dados fictícios, uma identidade falsa, para proteger os seus dados.
Foi ainda proposto analisar “O perigo da fraude intelectual (ex.: plágio) aumentou com o advento da internet?” e nesse sentido existe a necessidade de abordar a questão dos direitos de autor.
Da mesma forma que nos preocupamos com os direitos de autor e licenças de utilização, também devemos ter muito cuidado quando publicados os nossos dados pessoais. O bom senso deve prevalecer e devemos confiar nas políticas locais e jurídica aplicável.
Abordando agora o tema da fraude intelectual, é uma realidade que este problema atingiu uma dimensão considerável e continua a crescer. Torna-se necessário tomar consciência da dimensão do problema e detectá-lo atempadamente. A sobrecarga de trabalho dos professores não possibilita por vezes a detecção do plágio. As razões que levam um aluno a cometer plágio são as mais variadas, desde, a ignorância, a pressão pela obtenção de bons resultados escolares, falta de tempo para a realização das várias actividades propostas pelos professores, cursos irrelevantes, cujos temas abordados devem estar de acordo com os interesses dos alunos e que sejam perceptíveis, professores que não procedem a uma constante actualização dos seus conhecimentos e dos recursos utilizados, por uma constante necessidade de questionar e contestar o sistema.
No sentido de alterar comportamentos e de desmotivar e evitar o cometer de plágio, existem muitos softwares e programas específicos que permitem detectar a fraude do plágio, inclusive, existem sites que possibilita analisar um determinado trabalho e disponibilizar informação relativamente aos sites que foram consultados para a elaboração desse trabalho e qual o texto que está idêntico ao original, bem como, qual a percentagem de texto que está igual ao trabalho original.
Convém os alunos estarem consciencializados de que existe plágio e de que é necessário estar atento para as questões dos direitos de autor.
A internet, como grande repositório de documentos digitais, contribuiu grandemente para o aumento do plagiarismo, na medida em que, a sua utilização como recurso e a sua disponibilização a um leque de indivíduos (pertencentes à classe média-baixa) a custo reduzido, torna-a acessível a todos.
É possível através da Internet aceder a uma panóplia de recursos, no entanto, a maioria destes recursos estão protegidos relativamente aos direitos de autor pelas licenças e só podem ser utilizados e/ou modificados perante uma autorização do seu autor/criador. É importante tomar consciência do tipo de licença que está associado ao recurso para não cometer fraude ao copiar ou modificar esse mesmo recurso disponibilizando-o posteriormente na Internet.
É necessário tomar consciência da dimensão do problema - plagiarismo, e dizer não às atitudes não éticas e exercer repressão sobre aqueles que cometem plágio e orientar e prevenir este tipo de atitudes.
Relativamente à segunda parte do debate, questionava-se a possibilidade de alguma entidade particular ou alguém controlar a rede, à qual eu respondi que sim, é possível de alguma forma controlar a rede. Pode ser controlada, quer através de hardware, quer através de software. A forma como a informação circula na rede é através de pacotes que circulam entre várias máquinas. Existe um Software que acompanhado de hardware pode controlar todos os pacotes que circulam na rede, quais as máquinas de destino desses mesmos pacotes e também o que estes pacotes contêm. A ferramenta que realiza este tipo de actividades denomina-se Sniffer. Este software é livre. Podem ser analisadas redes por cabo ou wireless. Podem ainda ser analisados os protocolos de rede.
O analisador de protocolos gratuito mais conhecido é o Ethereal, que passou a chamar-se wireshark e analisa os pacotes no momento da recepção e da transmissão das informações. Também é software de código aberto e corre em máquinas com diferentes sistemas operativos.
Existe ainda uma entidade privada que controla os nomes dos domínios (.com, .pt, etc) que se denomina ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) e o controlo da Rede está hoje em dia nas suas mãos.
Existem muitas entidades que se dedicam à supervisão da informação que circula na “net” e cada vez mais os países e regiões do mundo pretendem criar o seu próprio organismo para controlar a Internet, para evitar, o estar sob o domínio dos Estados Unidos.
Por último, foi perguntado em que medida a rede é segura e em que medida a informação nela partilhada é confiável e quem o pode garantir.
A rede é constituída por um número quase ilimitada de nós que estando interligados entre si fazem com que a informação circule entre eles.
Desde sempre, existiu uma crescente preocupação com o fornecimento de acessos seguros e com a preservação das identidades. O crescimento exponencial do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias permitiu ao utilizador incrementar de forma exponencial os níveis de confiança na rede. Existem várias tipologias de rede e cada uma com as suas especificidades.
"o objetivo básico de uma rede de computadores é garantir que todos os recursos de informação sejam compartilhados rapidamente, com segurança e de forma confiável" ."a rede deve possuir meios de transmissão eficientes, regras básicas (protocolos) e mecanismos capazes de garantir o transporte das informações entre os seus elementos constituintes."
"Segurança da Informação está relacionada com proteção de um conjunto de dados, no sentido de preservar o valor que possuem para um indivíduo ou uma organização. São características básicas da segurança da informação os atributos de confidencialidade, integridade e disponibilidade , não estando esta segurança restrita somente a sistemas computacionais , informações eletrônicas ou sistemas de armazenamento ."
É muito importante assegurar não só a segurança da informação, como também, a dos sistemas por onde ela circula. Os protocolos existentes contribuem para que uma rede seja considerada fiável ou segura. Também a tipologia e topologia de rede podem fazer com que a mesma seja mais ou menos segura. Existem vários requisitos de segurança e a partir destes requisitos foram construídos vários protocolos para assegurar a fiabilidade da informação que circula em rede.
Normalmente, as redes estão protegidas com uma chave e a forma como essa chave é encriptada faz com que a rede seja segura.
Assegurar que o protocolo de encaminhamento não é corrompido, também faz com que uma rede seja segura.
A segurança não pode ser calculada, pois dada a quantidade de informação e dados que circula na rede, não existe um único mecanismo que permita calcular a confiança na rede. A solução reside nos protocolos de encaminhamento e nos certificados digitais. O formato dos pacotes que circulam na rede também influencia a segurança da rede.
As características para processar uma comunicação em rede segura são: confidencialidade, Integridade, responsabilidade, autenticidade, encriptação, chaves simétricas e assimétricas, certificados e assinaturas digitais.
Cada vez mais os indivíduos baseiam o seu dia-a-dia na utilização da Internet. Informações pessoais, dados bancários, e outras informações pessoais circulam na rede, razão pela qual é importante preocuparmo-nos com a segurança na rede.
“Mais crítica, creio eu, é a capacidade dos estudantes de criar e formar redes de aprendizagens pessoais válidas para avaliar e filtrar a excessiva informação, para conectar com outros para indicar falhas no conhecimento, e para oferecer novas e criativas recombinações de informação com vista a avançar e a expandir os seus conhecimentos.”, diz George Siemens.
È muito importante não só reconhecer as boas fontes de informação, mas também, questionar, diferenciar, avaliar e filtrar a informação que circula na rede.
Sendo assim, ” toda e qualquer informação deve ser correta, precisa e estar disponível, a fim de ser armazenada, recuperada, manipulada ou processada, além de poder ser trocada de forma segura e confiável.”
Existem Entidades especializadas em assegurar a confiabilidade da informação disponibilizada na rede. Cada utilizador ao pesquisar pode ele mesmo seleccionar e verificar a fiabilidade da fonte de informação que está a utilizar. Ao recorrer aos repositórios de informação, o utilizador tem a garantia de que não irá encontrar informação duplicada e de que essa informação é segura em termos de veracidade, autenticidade e disponibilidade.
Deve dar-se preferência a informações oriundas de Instituições ou Entidades em detrimento da informação disponibilizada a título pessoal pelos utilizadores da rede.
http://www.educare.pt/educare/Actualidade.Noticia.aspx?contentid=7803CC2C0128DB46E0400A0AB8002557&opsel=1&channelid=0
http://www.projetoderedes.com.br/tutoriais/tutorial_sistemas_estruturados_em_redes_de_computadores_01.php
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguran%C3%A7a_da_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o
Inicialmente foi proposto analisar os dois tópicos propostos pelo professor. O primeiro que medida a nossa identidade digital é um prolongamento da nossa identidade pública ou um campo alternativo de expressão de uma dimensão escondida da nossa personalidade íntima.
A identidade digital, que segundo algumas definições encontradas aquando de pesquisas efectuadas na Internet, é considerada a representação digital dos dados de um determinado utilizador. Os dados incluídos poderão ir desde o nome, contribuinte, Bilhete de identidade ou cartão do cidadão, morada, currículo, entre outros.
A partir do momento em que nós utilizadores colocamos/publicamos os nossos dados em suporte digital na Internet, eles tornam-se públicos e ficam disponíveis e acessíveis a todos os utilizadores que navegam na internet e de certo modo, podemos ver a nossa intimidade e a nossa privacidade exposta de alguma forma e os nossos dados desprotegidos.
Este tema exige ser tratado com muita seriedade, no entanto, é e costuma ser tratado pelos utilizadores da rede com alguma leviandade. Devemos então, ser realistas e conscienciosos relativamente à nossa identidade digital e tentar manter a privacidade dos nossos dados, sem entrar em histeria e paranóia injustificada.
Quer a identidade digital, quer a identidade pública devem ser abordadas de forma a garantir a privacidade dos indivíduos. Existe uma preocupação acrescida relativamente à exposição e/ou tornar pública a identidade digital de indivíduos menores de idade, pois estes necessitam de autorização parental para a publicação dos seus dados.
Quando expomos os nossos dados através de uma identificação digital, devemos exigir que sejamos informados sobre o quê, quando e onde, de que forma, o conteúdo será publicado e como será classificado e quais as políticas a atribuir.
Uma vez que o utilizador torna pública uma imagem sua, ela percorre a rede e apesar de o utilizador a apagar ela poderá ser encontrada num computador muito distante e disponibilizada na rede. "Uma vez na Net, sempre na Net".
Por vezes, para contornar esta problemática, o utilizador cria dados fictícios, uma identidade falsa, para proteger os seus dados.
Foi ainda proposto analisar “O perigo da fraude intelectual (ex.: plágio) aumentou com o advento da internet?” e nesse sentido existe a necessidade de abordar a questão dos direitos de autor.
Da mesma forma que nos preocupamos com os direitos de autor e licenças de utilização, também devemos ter muito cuidado quando publicados os nossos dados pessoais. O bom senso deve prevalecer e devemos confiar nas políticas locais e jurídica aplicável.
Abordando agora o tema da fraude intelectual, é uma realidade que este problema atingiu uma dimensão considerável e continua a crescer. Torna-se necessário tomar consciência da dimensão do problema e detectá-lo atempadamente. A sobrecarga de trabalho dos professores não possibilita por vezes a detecção do plágio. As razões que levam um aluno a cometer plágio são as mais variadas, desde, a ignorância, a pressão pela obtenção de bons resultados escolares, falta de tempo para a realização das várias actividades propostas pelos professores, cursos irrelevantes, cujos temas abordados devem estar de acordo com os interesses dos alunos e que sejam perceptíveis, professores que não procedem a uma constante actualização dos seus conhecimentos e dos recursos utilizados, por uma constante necessidade de questionar e contestar o sistema.
No sentido de alterar comportamentos e de desmotivar e evitar o cometer de plágio, existem muitos softwares e programas específicos que permitem detectar a fraude do plágio, inclusive, existem sites que possibilita analisar um determinado trabalho e disponibilizar informação relativamente aos sites que foram consultados para a elaboração desse trabalho e qual o texto que está idêntico ao original, bem como, qual a percentagem de texto que está igual ao trabalho original.
Convém os alunos estarem consciencializados de que existe plágio e de que é necessário estar atento para as questões dos direitos de autor.
A internet, como grande repositório de documentos digitais, contribuiu grandemente para o aumento do plagiarismo, na medida em que, a sua utilização como recurso e a sua disponibilização a um leque de indivíduos (pertencentes à classe média-baixa) a custo reduzido, torna-a acessível a todos.
É possível através da Internet aceder a uma panóplia de recursos, no entanto, a maioria destes recursos estão protegidos relativamente aos direitos de autor pelas licenças e só podem ser utilizados e/ou modificados perante uma autorização do seu autor/criador. É importante tomar consciência do tipo de licença que está associado ao recurso para não cometer fraude ao copiar ou modificar esse mesmo recurso disponibilizando-o posteriormente na Internet.
É necessário tomar consciência da dimensão do problema - plagiarismo, e dizer não às atitudes não éticas e exercer repressão sobre aqueles que cometem plágio e orientar e prevenir este tipo de atitudes.
Relativamente à segunda parte do debate, questionava-se a possibilidade de alguma entidade particular ou alguém controlar a rede, à qual eu respondi que sim, é possível de alguma forma controlar a rede. Pode ser controlada, quer através de hardware, quer através de software. A forma como a informação circula na rede é através de pacotes que circulam entre várias máquinas. Existe um Software que acompanhado de hardware pode controlar todos os pacotes que circulam na rede, quais as máquinas de destino desses mesmos pacotes e também o que estes pacotes contêm. A ferramenta que realiza este tipo de actividades denomina-se Sniffer. Este software é livre. Podem ser analisadas redes por cabo ou wireless. Podem ainda ser analisados os protocolos de rede.
O analisador de protocolos gratuito mais conhecido é o Ethereal, que passou a chamar-se wireshark e analisa os pacotes no momento da recepção e da transmissão das informações. Também é software de código aberto e corre em máquinas com diferentes sistemas operativos.
Existe ainda uma entidade privada que controla os nomes dos domínios (.com, .pt, etc) que se denomina ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) e o controlo da Rede está hoje em dia nas suas mãos.
Existem muitas entidades que se dedicam à supervisão da informação que circula na “net” e cada vez mais os países e regiões do mundo pretendem criar o seu próprio organismo para controlar a Internet, para evitar, o estar sob o domínio dos Estados Unidos.
Por último, foi perguntado em que medida a rede é segura e em que medida a informação nela partilhada é confiável e quem o pode garantir.
A rede é constituída por um número quase ilimitada de nós que estando interligados entre si fazem com que a informação circule entre eles.
Desde sempre, existiu uma crescente preocupação com o fornecimento de acessos seguros e com a preservação das identidades. O crescimento exponencial do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias permitiu ao utilizador incrementar de forma exponencial os níveis de confiança na rede. Existem várias tipologias de rede e cada uma com as suas especificidades.
"o objetivo básico de uma rede de computadores é garantir que todos os recursos de informação sejam compartilhados rapidamente, com segurança e de forma confiável" ."a rede deve possuir meios de transmissão eficientes, regras básicas (protocolos) e mecanismos capazes de garantir o transporte das informações entre os seus elementos constituintes."
"Segurança da Informação está relacionada com proteção de um conjunto de dados, no sentido de preservar o valor que possuem para um indivíduo ou uma organização. São características básicas da segurança da informação os atributos de confidencialidade, integridade e disponibilidade , não estando esta segurança restrita somente a sistemas computacionais , informações eletrônicas ou sistemas de armazenamento ."
É muito importante assegurar não só a segurança da informação, como também, a dos sistemas por onde ela circula. Os protocolos existentes contribuem para que uma rede seja considerada fiável ou segura. Também a tipologia e topologia de rede podem fazer com que a mesma seja mais ou menos segura. Existem vários requisitos de segurança e a partir destes requisitos foram construídos vários protocolos para assegurar a fiabilidade da informação que circula em rede.
Normalmente, as redes estão protegidas com uma chave e a forma como essa chave é encriptada faz com que a rede seja segura.
Assegurar que o protocolo de encaminhamento não é corrompido, também faz com que uma rede seja segura.
A segurança não pode ser calculada, pois dada a quantidade de informação e dados que circula na rede, não existe um único mecanismo que permita calcular a confiança na rede. A solução reside nos protocolos de encaminhamento e nos certificados digitais. O formato dos pacotes que circulam na rede também influencia a segurança da rede.
As características para processar uma comunicação em rede segura são: confidencialidade, Integridade, responsabilidade, autenticidade, encriptação, chaves simétricas e assimétricas, certificados e assinaturas digitais.
Cada vez mais os indivíduos baseiam o seu dia-a-dia na utilização da Internet. Informações pessoais, dados bancários, e outras informações pessoais circulam na rede, razão pela qual é importante preocuparmo-nos com a segurança na rede.
“Mais crítica, creio eu, é a capacidade dos estudantes de criar e formar redes de aprendizagens pessoais válidas para avaliar e filtrar a excessiva informação, para conectar com outros para indicar falhas no conhecimento, e para oferecer novas e criativas recombinações de informação com vista a avançar e a expandir os seus conhecimentos.”, diz George Siemens.
È muito importante não só reconhecer as boas fontes de informação, mas também, questionar, diferenciar, avaliar e filtrar a informação que circula na rede.
Sendo assim, ” toda e qualquer informação deve ser correta, precisa e estar disponível, a fim de ser armazenada, recuperada, manipulada ou processada, além de poder ser trocada de forma segura e confiável.”
Existem Entidades especializadas em assegurar a confiabilidade da informação disponibilizada na rede. Cada utilizador ao pesquisar pode ele mesmo seleccionar e verificar a fiabilidade da fonte de informação que está a utilizar. Ao recorrer aos repositórios de informação, o utilizador tem a garantia de que não irá encontrar informação duplicada e de que essa informação é segura em termos de veracidade, autenticidade e disponibilidade.
Deve dar-se preferência a informações oriundas de Instituições ou Entidades em detrimento da informação disponibilizada a título pessoal pelos utilizadores da rede.
http://www.educare.pt/educare/Actualidade.Noticia.aspx?contentid=7803CC2C0128DB46E0400A0AB8002557&opsel=1&channelid=0
http://www.projetoderedes.com.br/tutoriais/tutorial_sistemas_estruturados_em_redes_de_computadores_01.php
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguran%C3%A7a_da_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o
terça-feira, 13 de abril de 2010
Noção de Cibercultura por Pierre Lévy
No âmbito da Unidade Curricular - Educação e Sociedade em Rede foi proposto analisar o texto de Pierre Lévy, "Cibercultura" e apresentar no blog individual um comentário sobre a noção de cibercultura, defendida por Pierre Lévy, incluindo a indicação de três exemplos significativos.
Não podemos falar em cibercultura sem incluir também a definição de ciberespaço.
A noção de Cibercultura "aborda as implicações culturais do desenvolvimento das tecnologias digitais da informação e de comunicação."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 17)
A Cibercultura, pode ser denominada como a cultura do futuro. É considerada como "universal sem totalidade", universal dado incluir todos os utilizadores da rede, proporcionando mais cedo ou mais tarde um encontro que pode ser intemporal e sem local específico para decorrer, e sem totalidade, uma vez que não inclui a totalidade/diversidade de informações, a cultura vai sendo construída ao longo do tempo e de forma contínua.
O termo cibercultura, inclui as técnicas, as práticas, as atitudes, os modos de pensamento e os valores que se desenvolvem juntamente com o crescimento do ciberespaço.
A Cibercultura, "expressa o surgimento de um novo universal, diferente das formas culturais que vieram antes dele no sentido de que ele se constrói sobre a indeterminação de um sentido global qualquer."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 15)
Quanto ao ciberespaço, "geografia móvel de informação", para Piérre Lévy, também denominado de rede, é considerado como o novo meio de comunicação que surge da interligação mundial entre vários computadores, incluindo todas as infra-estruturas materiais da comunicação digital, desde um simples computador ou um cabo a outras estruturas mais complexas e que permite albergar todo o universo de informações e todos os utilizadores que navegam na rede e todos os que contribuem para a construção de conhecimento injectando informações nesse mesmo universo.
Nos nossos dias deparamo-nos com um Boom de novos utilizadores, que acedem à internet, não só em busca de informação, mas também contribuindo para a construção do conhecimento através da introdução de informações variadas. Esta panóplia de informações é gerida pelos administradores dos vários espaços onde ela é colocada, no sentido de autorizar ou não a sua disponibilização na rede, evitando situações de duplicação de informação e outras situações menos convenientes. Todas as informações que vão surgindo, vão contribuindo para a expansão da rede. Esta rede consiste num conjunto de interligações entre os vários computadores dos muitos utilizadores.
O ciberespaço foi ampliado de uma forma tão brutal que se tornou universal. Apesar disso, a sua função continua a ser "acesso à distância aos diversos recursos de um computador".(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg.93)
Cibercultura pode ser considerada toda a cultura que se desenvolve no ciberespaço. Pode ser considerada toda a cultura existente em ambiente virtual.
O universo de dados digitais são cada vez mais comuns e digitalizar a informação, implica que esta passe a ser escrita ou codificada na forma de 0´s e 1's para poder ser entendida pelas máquinas, propagada pelas redes e distribuída posteriormente pelos vários computadores/utilizadores.
A cibercultura, faz uso não só da tecnologia, mas também das muitas técnicas para tratamento da informação digital. Os computadores associados às várias infra-estruturas de rede, permitem não só produzir e distribuir informação, de forma intemporal e sem limites, mas também, uma construção colectiva do conhecimento.
Os métodos de trabalho foram alterados de forma súbita e arrastados por uma brusca evolução/revolução tecnológica, tornando obsoletos os conhecimentos e o savoir-fare tradicionais a que estavam habituados.
" O Ciberespaço, dispositivo de comunicação interactivo e comunitário, apresenta-se justamente como um dos instrumentos privilegiados da inteligência colectiva".(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 29)
Os organismos de formação profissional ou de ensino à distância desenvolvem sistemas de aprendizagem cooperativa em rede.(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 29)
Para Pierre lévy, existem 3 tipos de cultura: a cultura oral (totalidade sem universal), a cultura escrita (universal totalizante)e a cibercultura (universal sem totalidade).
Todas estas formas de cultura não se anulam, complementam-se, "adicionando-lhe dimensões suplementares"(lévy,Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 248).A primeira, pode ser considerada uma forma de cultura fechada onde nada é universal, onde a memória humana limitava a cultura. A segunda forma de cultura, por incluir formas de comunicação, nomeadamente através da escrita, permitindo assim, uma memorização que leva à universalidade. A terceira forma, a cibercultura, "mantém a universalidade ao mesmo tempo em que dissolve a totalidade."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 249, onde através das redes de comunicação se formam as comunidades virtuais. Estas comunidades permitem uma actualização da memória e uma construção colectiva e colaborativa do conhecimento.
Dada a diversidade de situações económicas e sociais da comunidade, por vezes pertencer ou não a uma comunidade virtual pode ser factor de diferenciação entre as classes sociais. Vai acentuar as desigualdades e vai constituir factor de exclusão e acentuar o fosso entre ricos e pobres, uma vez que para pertencer a uma comunidade virtual, é necessário dispor de infra-estruturas específicas para comunicar e equipamento específico (computadores, etc)envolvendo custos e investimento. Embora a tendência seja uma evolução exponencial da tecnologia, vimos assistindo a uma redução dos preços de aquisição dos equipamentos necessários para comunicar, são no entanto, ainda necessárias intervenções ao nível da administração central dos países, no sentido de, proporcionar o acesso à rede ao maior número de cidadãos, evitando assim, a infoexclusão.
A desqualificação dos indivíduos, a luta contra as desigualdades, o incentivo à autonomia dos indivíduos, favorece o "acesso para todos", contribuindo deste modo para a valorização das competências, dos recursos e das culturas, teoria defendida pela cibercultura e por Pierre lévy.
Os indivíduos contactam à distância, estabelecendo relações de afinidade ao pertencerem a comunidades virtuais e tudo isto proporcionado pela existência de um ciberespaço.
"ciberespaço...abre novos planos de existência:-nos modos de relação: comunicação interactiva e comunitária de todos com todos no centro de espaços informacionais colectivamente e continuamente construídos, - nos modos de conhecimento, de aprendizagem e de pensamento: simulações, navegações transversais em espaços de informação abertos, inteligência colectiva, - nos gêneros literários e artísticos : hiperdocumentos, obras interactivas, ambientes virtuais, criação colectiva distribuída.(Lévy, p, Cibercultura, pg 218)Isto é, a cultura não será substituída pela cibercultura, mas sim, complementada.
No ciberespaço, a proximidade física ou geográfica é inexistente.
O"impacto automático ou predeterminado das novas tecnologias sobre a sociedade e a cultura" no que se refere à cibercultura, gera muitas vezes conflitos de interesse e diversidade de pontos de vista. Por vezes, o ciberespaço torna-se um campo de batalha onde os industriais de comunicação e dos programas tentam promover e afirmar os seus produtos.
A inteligência colectiva é incentivada e a sua finalidade concretizada, colocando os percursos ao dispor da comunidade virtual."é a aspiração mais profunda do movimento da cibercultura."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 208)
Relativamente aos três exemplos e dada a variedade dos mesmos, optei por seleccionar em primeiro lugar a Aprendizagem aberta e à distância, pgs 169 e 170, em segundo lugar as conferências electrónicas, pgs 99-104 e 171 e as comunidades virtuais, pgs 127-130.
Os sistemas educativos e o surgimento de oportunidade de progressão dos estudos para indivíduos que física e geograficamente distam dos grandes centros, onde se encontram as melhores e maiores universidades, faz com que esses mesmos indivíduos consigam através do ciberespaço aceder a novas formas de cultura. Esta cultura é uma cultura digital, onde tudo está dependente de máquina, os computadores e onde se proporciona a construção do conhecimento de uma forma cooperativa e colaborativa e onde se podde contribuir para a construção e disponibilização na rede de informação, contribuindo para a construção da cibercultura.
As universidades cada vez mais estão a apostar na captação de alunos, através da promoção de cursos e do ensino à distância. As exigências a nível de formação da nossa sociedade, estão em crescimento.Os Custos associados a esta formação estão cada vez menores, uma vez que, no ensino à distância não se coloca a questão de despender de verba monetária para alojamento e deslocações.
Os custos inerentes a cursos (profissionais, de ensino superior, e outros) são cada vez menores se se tratar de ensino à distância, razão pela qual se aposta em universidades virtuais.
Não é só a quantidade de cursos que está disponível, mas também a qualidade dos mesmos que com a utilização do computador no ensino e com a virtualização da maioria dos documentos e utilização de ferramentas para a web. Cada vez mais se recorre a " práticas de levantamento de informações e de aprendizagem cooperativa no centro ciberespaço mostra a via para um acesso ao conhecimento ao mesmo tempo massificado e personalizado."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 170)
Todo o conhecimento que está acessível através da Internet, via informação digital, está a ser utilizado como recurso, não só nas universidades, mas também em escolas de ensino básico e secundário.
Hoje em dia já não se faz "distinção entre ensino presencial e ensino a distância"..."já que o uso das redes de telecomunicações e dos suportes multímidia interativos vem sendo progressivamente integrado às formas mais clássicas de ensino".Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 170)
Relativamente ao segundo exemplo, e porque este também faz uso do ciberespaço e recorre à tecnologia para participar no fenómeno cibercultura, convém referenciar que, é prática corrente em muitas universidades e escolas, proporcionar experiências de conferências electrónicas aos alunos e prepará-los para o mundo do trabalho em empresas de grande prestígio.
Os professores das universidades estão a alterar os seus comportamentos e as suas práticas perante a tecnologia e a digitalização da informação, apostando na qualidade dos cursos e das disciplinas que leccionam.
Toda a aquisição de conhecimentos e de construção de saberes passa pela "aprendizagem cooperativa assistida por computador" e passa a traduzir " a perspectiva da inteligência colectiva no domínio educativo"."Alguns dispositivos informatizados de aprendizagem em grupo são especialmente concebidos para o compartilhamento de diversos bancos de dados e o uso de conferências e correio electrônicos".... "Os estudantes podem participar de conferências electrônicas desterritorializadas nas quais intervêm os melhores pesquisadores de sua disciplina." (Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 171)
As conferências electrónicas são um "dispositivo sofisticado que permite que grupos de pessoas discutam em conjunto sobre temas específicos. As mensagens são normalmente classificadas por assuntos ou por sub-tópicos. Alguns assuntos são fechados quando são abandonados e outros são abertos quando os membros do grupo acham necessário."Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 99)
Todas as mensagens trocadas através de conferência electrónica estão subordinadas a um tema, no entanto os indivíduos podem trocar mensagens entre si. Cada mensagem está sempre identificada por que a escreveu.
Todos os indivíduos que estejam ligadas a uma conferência, podem trocar mensagens compartilhando um "espaço virtual de comunicação".(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 99)
A Internet permite o acesso a uma quantidade enorme de conferência electrónicas, as quais são denominadas de newsgroups, onde, de acordo com os seus interesses e independentemente da sua identificação ou localização geográfica, são contactados para participar nas discussões dos temas.
Como último exemplo, temos as comunidades virtuais, cujo suporte consiste nas interligações existentes entre os indivíduos.
"Uma comunidade virtual é construída sobre as afinidades de interesses, de conhecimentos, sobre projectos mútuos, em um processo de cooperação ou de troca, tudo isto independentemente das proximidades geográficas e das filiações institucionais."( Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 127)
Também nas comunidades virtuais surge a necessidade de recorrer às técnicas de netetiqueta, com vista a possibilitar uma comunicação efectiva.
Muitas vezes associa-se às comunidades on-line o não estabelecer de relações de afinidade com outros elementos da comunidade.
Os encontros online são considerados como um complemento aos encontros físicos, uma vez que não os substitui.
No seio das comunidades virtuais defende-se que todos os elementos devem trocar mensagens, sendo a reciprocidade uma regra básica. Todos recebem mensagens com informações, mas também, todos contribuem para o fórum com os seus conhecimentos.
As regras para comunicação on-line devem ser respeitadas, sob pena de serem "excluídos pelos administradores de sistema a pedido dos organizadores das conferências."Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 128)
Por vezes podem surgir conflitos entre os participantes, mas, "por outro lado, afinidades, alianças intelectuais, até mesmo amizades podem desenvolver-se nos grupos de discussão, exatamente como entre pessoas que se encontram regularmente para conversar."Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 128 e 129)
" uma comunidade virtual não é irreal, imaginária ou ilusória, trata-se simplesmente de um coletivo mais ou menos permanente que se organiza por meio de novo correio electrônico munidal". Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 130)
" A Cibercultura é a expressão da aspiração de construção de um laço social, que não seria fundado nem sobre links territoriais, nem sobre relações institucionais, nem sobre as relações do poder, mas sobre a reunião em torno de centros de interesses comuns, sobre o jogo, sobre o compartilhamento do saber, sobre a aprendizagem cooperativa, sobre processos abertos de colaboração. O apetite para as comunidades virtuais encontra um ideal de relação humana desterritorializada, transversal e livre."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 130)
As comunidades virtuais recorrem ao ciberespaço para comunicar e para complementar informações no sentido de construir a cibercultura.
"a cibercultura não é controlável".(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg30)
Referência:
LÉVY, Pierre (1999). "Cibercultura", Editora 34, S. Paulo.
Não podemos falar em cibercultura sem incluir também a definição de ciberespaço.
A noção de Cibercultura "aborda as implicações culturais do desenvolvimento das tecnologias digitais da informação e de comunicação."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 17)
A Cibercultura, pode ser denominada como a cultura do futuro. É considerada como "universal sem totalidade", universal dado incluir todos os utilizadores da rede, proporcionando mais cedo ou mais tarde um encontro que pode ser intemporal e sem local específico para decorrer, e sem totalidade, uma vez que não inclui a totalidade/diversidade de informações, a cultura vai sendo construída ao longo do tempo e de forma contínua.
O termo cibercultura, inclui as técnicas, as práticas, as atitudes, os modos de pensamento e os valores que se desenvolvem juntamente com o crescimento do ciberespaço.
A Cibercultura, "expressa o surgimento de um novo universal, diferente das formas culturais que vieram antes dele no sentido de que ele se constrói sobre a indeterminação de um sentido global qualquer."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 15)
Quanto ao ciberespaço, "geografia móvel de informação", para Piérre Lévy, também denominado de rede, é considerado como o novo meio de comunicação que surge da interligação mundial entre vários computadores, incluindo todas as infra-estruturas materiais da comunicação digital, desde um simples computador ou um cabo a outras estruturas mais complexas e que permite albergar todo o universo de informações e todos os utilizadores que navegam na rede e todos os que contribuem para a construção de conhecimento injectando informações nesse mesmo universo.
Nos nossos dias deparamo-nos com um Boom de novos utilizadores, que acedem à internet, não só em busca de informação, mas também contribuindo para a construção do conhecimento através da introdução de informações variadas. Esta panóplia de informações é gerida pelos administradores dos vários espaços onde ela é colocada, no sentido de autorizar ou não a sua disponibilização na rede, evitando situações de duplicação de informação e outras situações menos convenientes. Todas as informações que vão surgindo, vão contribuindo para a expansão da rede. Esta rede consiste num conjunto de interligações entre os vários computadores dos muitos utilizadores.
O ciberespaço foi ampliado de uma forma tão brutal que se tornou universal. Apesar disso, a sua função continua a ser "acesso à distância aos diversos recursos de um computador".(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg.93)
Cibercultura pode ser considerada toda a cultura que se desenvolve no ciberespaço. Pode ser considerada toda a cultura existente em ambiente virtual.
O universo de dados digitais são cada vez mais comuns e digitalizar a informação, implica que esta passe a ser escrita ou codificada na forma de 0´s e 1's para poder ser entendida pelas máquinas, propagada pelas redes e distribuída posteriormente pelos vários computadores/utilizadores.
A cibercultura, faz uso não só da tecnologia, mas também das muitas técnicas para tratamento da informação digital. Os computadores associados às várias infra-estruturas de rede, permitem não só produzir e distribuir informação, de forma intemporal e sem limites, mas também, uma construção colectiva do conhecimento.
Os métodos de trabalho foram alterados de forma súbita e arrastados por uma brusca evolução/revolução tecnológica, tornando obsoletos os conhecimentos e o savoir-fare tradicionais a que estavam habituados.
" O Ciberespaço, dispositivo de comunicação interactivo e comunitário, apresenta-se justamente como um dos instrumentos privilegiados da inteligência colectiva".(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 29)
Os organismos de formação profissional ou de ensino à distância desenvolvem sistemas de aprendizagem cooperativa em rede.(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 29)
Para Pierre lévy, existem 3 tipos de cultura: a cultura oral (totalidade sem universal), a cultura escrita (universal totalizante)e a cibercultura (universal sem totalidade).
Todas estas formas de cultura não se anulam, complementam-se, "adicionando-lhe dimensões suplementares"(lévy,Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 248).A primeira, pode ser considerada uma forma de cultura fechada onde nada é universal, onde a memória humana limitava a cultura. A segunda forma de cultura, por incluir formas de comunicação, nomeadamente através da escrita, permitindo assim, uma memorização que leva à universalidade. A terceira forma, a cibercultura, "mantém a universalidade ao mesmo tempo em que dissolve a totalidade."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 249, onde através das redes de comunicação se formam as comunidades virtuais. Estas comunidades permitem uma actualização da memória e uma construção colectiva e colaborativa do conhecimento.
Dada a diversidade de situações económicas e sociais da comunidade, por vezes pertencer ou não a uma comunidade virtual pode ser factor de diferenciação entre as classes sociais. Vai acentuar as desigualdades e vai constituir factor de exclusão e acentuar o fosso entre ricos e pobres, uma vez que para pertencer a uma comunidade virtual, é necessário dispor de infra-estruturas específicas para comunicar e equipamento específico (computadores, etc)envolvendo custos e investimento. Embora a tendência seja uma evolução exponencial da tecnologia, vimos assistindo a uma redução dos preços de aquisição dos equipamentos necessários para comunicar, são no entanto, ainda necessárias intervenções ao nível da administração central dos países, no sentido de, proporcionar o acesso à rede ao maior número de cidadãos, evitando assim, a infoexclusão.
A desqualificação dos indivíduos, a luta contra as desigualdades, o incentivo à autonomia dos indivíduos, favorece o "acesso para todos", contribuindo deste modo para a valorização das competências, dos recursos e das culturas, teoria defendida pela cibercultura e por Pierre lévy.
Os indivíduos contactam à distância, estabelecendo relações de afinidade ao pertencerem a comunidades virtuais e tudo isto proporcionado pela existência de um ciberespaço.
"ciberespaço...abre novos planos de existência:-nos modos de relação: comunicação interactiva e comunitária de todos com todos no centro de espaços informacionais colectivamente e continuamente construídos, - nos modos de conhecimento, de aprendizagem e de pensamento: simulações, navegações transversais em espaços de informação abertos, inteligência colectiva, - nos gêneros literários e artísticos : hiperdocumentos, obras interactivas, ambientes virtuais, criação colectiva distribuída.(Lévy, p, Cibercultura, pg 218)Isto é, a cultura não será substituída pela cibercultura, mas sim, complementada.
No ciberespaço, a proximidade física ou geográfica é inexistente.
O"impacto automático ou predeterminado das novas tecnologias sobre a sociedade e a cultura" no que se refere à cibercultura, gera muitas vezes conflitos de interesse e diversidade de pontos de vista. Por vezes, o ciberespaço torna-se um campo de batalha onde os industriais de comunicação e dos programas tentam promover e afirmar os seus produtos.
A inteligência colectiva é incentivada e a sua finalidade concretizada, colocando os percursos ao dispor da comunidade virtual."é a aspiração mais profunda do movimento da cibercultura."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg. 208)
Relativamente aos três exemplos e dada a variedade dos mesmos, optei por seleccionar em primeiro lugar a Aprendizagem aberta e à distância, pgs 169 e 170, em segundo lugar as conferências electrónicas, pgs 99-104 e 171 e as comunidades virtuais, pgs 127-130.
Os sistemas educativos e o surgimento de oportunidade de progressão dos estudos para indivíduos que física e geograficamente distam dos grandes centros, onde se encontram as melhores e maiores universidades, faz com que esses mesmos indivíduos consigam através do ciberespaço aceder a novas formas de cultura. Esta cultura é uma cultura digital, onde tudo está dependente de máquina, os computadores e onde se proporciona a construção do conhecimento de uma forma cooperativa e colaborativa e onde se podde contribuir para a construção e disponibilização na rede de informação, contribuindo para a construção da cibercultura.
As universidades cada vez mais estão a apostar na captação de alunos, através da promoção de cursos e do ensino à distância. As exigências a nível de formação da nossa sociedade, estão em crescimento.Os Custos associados a esta formação estão cada vez menores, uma vez que, no ensino à distância não se coloca a questão de despender de verba monetária para alojamento e deslocações.
Os custos inerentes a cursos (profissionais, de ensino superior, e outros) são cada vez menores se se tratar de ensino à distância, razão pela qual se aposta em universidades virtuais.
Não é só a quantidade de cursos que está disponível, mas também a qualidade dos mesmos que com a utilização do computador no ensino e com a virtualização da maioria dos documentos e utilização de ferramentas para a web. Cada vez mais se recorre a " práticas de levantamento de informações e de aprendizagem cooperativa no centro ciberespaço mostra a via para um acesso ao conhecimento ao mesmo tempo massificado e personalizado."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 170)
Todo o conhecimento que está acessível através da Internet, via informação digital, está a ser utilizado como recurso, não só nas universidades, mas também em escolas de ensino básico e secundário.
Hoje em dia já não se faz "distinção entre ensino presencial e ensino a distância"..."já que o uso das redes de telecomunicações e dos suportes multímidia interativos vem sendo progressivamente integrado às formas mais clássicas de ensino".Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 170)
Relativamente ao segundo exemplo, e porque este também faz uso do ciberespaço e recorre à tecnologia para participar no fenómeno cibercultura, convém referenciar que, é prática corrente em muitas universidades e escolas, proporcionar experiências de conferências electrónicas aos alunos e prepará-los para o mundo do trabalho em empresas de grande prestígio.
Os professores das universidades estão a alterar os seus comportamentos e as suas práticas perante a tecnologia e a digitalização da informação, apostando na qualidade dos cursos e das disciplinas que leccionam.
Toda a aquisição de conhecimentos e de construção de saberes passa pela "aprendizagem cooperativa assistida por computador" e passa a traduzir " a perspectiva da inteligência colectiva no domínio educativo"."Alguns dispositivos informatizados de aprendizagem em grupo são especialmente concebidos para o compartilhamento de diversos bancos de dados e o uso de conferências e correio electrônicos".... "Os estudantes podem participar de conferências electrônicas desterritorializadas nas quais intervêm os melhores pesquisadores de sua disciplina." (Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 171)
As conferências electrónicas são um "dispositivo sofisticado que permite que grupos de pessoas discutam em conjunto sobre temas específicos. As mensagens são normalmente classificadas por assuntos ou por sub-tópicos. Alguns assuntos são fechados quando são abandonados e outros são abertos quando os membros do grupo acham necessário."Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 99)
Todas as mensagens trocadas através de conferência electrónica estão subordinadas a um tema, no entanto os indivíduos podem trocar mensagens entre si. Cada mensagem está sempre identificada por que a escreveu.
Todos os indivíduos que estejam ligadas a uma conferência, podem trocar mensagens compartilhando um "espaço virtual de comunicação".(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 99)
A Internet permite o acesso a uma quantidade enorme de conferência electrónicas, as quais são denominadas de newsgroups, onde, de acordo com os seus interesses e independentemente da sua identificação ou localização geográfica, são contactados para participar nas discussões dos temas.
Como último exemplo, temos as comunidades virtuais, cujo suporte consiste nas interligações existentes entre os indivíduos.
"Uma comunidade virtual é construída sobre as afinidades de interesses, de conhecimentos, sobre projectos mútuos, em um processo de cooperação ou de troca, tudo isto independentemente das proximidades geográficas e das filiações institucionais."( Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 127)
Também nas comunidades virtuais surge a necessidade de recorrer às técnicas de netetiqueta, com vista a possibilitar uma comunicação efectiva.
Muitas vezes associa-se às comunidades on-line o não estabelecer de relações de afinidade com outros elementos da comunidade.
Os encontros online são considerados como um complemento aos encontros físicos, uma vez que não os substitui.
No seio das comunidades virtuais defende-se que todos os elementos devem trocar mensagens, sendo a reciprocidade uma regra básica. Todos recebem mensagens com informações, mas também, todos contribuem para o fórum com os seus conhecimentos.
As regras para comunicação on-line devem ser respeitadas, sob pena de serem "excluídos pelos administradores de sistema a pedido dos organizadores das conferências."Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 128)
Por vezes podem surgir conflitos entre os participantes, mas, "por outro lado, afinidades, alianças intelectuais, até mesmo amizades podem desenvolver-se nos grupos de discussão, exatamente como entre pessoas que se encontram regularmente para conversar."Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 128 e 129)
" uma comunidade virtual não é irreal, imaginária ou ilusória, trata-se simplesmente de um coletivo mais ou menos permanente que se organiza por meio de novo correio electrônico munidal". Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 130)
" A Cibercultura é a expressão da aspiração de construção de um laço social, que não seria fundado nem sobre links territoriais, nem sobre relações institucionais, nem sobre as relações do poder, mas sobre a reunião em torno de centros de interesses comuns, sobre o jogo, sobre o compartilhamento do saber, sobre a aprendizagem cooperativa, sobre processos abertos de colaboração. O apetite para as comunidades virtuais encontra um ideal de relação humana desterritorializada, transversal e livre."(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg 130)
As comunidades virtuais recorrem ao ciberespaço para comunicar e para complementar informações no sentido de construir a cibercultura.
"a cibercultura não é controlável".(Lévy, Pierre, "Cibercultura", pg30)
Referência:
LÉVY, Pierre (1999). "Cibercultura", Editora 34, S. Paulo.
segunda-feira, 22 de fevereiro de 2010
Self-paced vs. group-paced courses
Hi!
I was searching about these theme and i found something that i consider interesting in one article written by T. Grandon Gill and Carolyn F. Holton from University of Florida, USA.
" To address these challenges, the course utilizes a self-paced format. Making the self-paced format work required three systems: 1) Content delivery: extensive multimedia aids and web content to support textual materials and to substitute for classroom lectures, 2) Peer support: peer-tutoring and assignment validation, drawing from approaches used in nuclear submarine training that provide flexibility and enhance rigor, 3) Progress monitoring: an administrative information system, used to track student progress and provide students with weekly reports."
"Confronted with such diversity of background and motivation, there seem to be three generic strategies that an instructor or department might pursue."
"The first involves teaching the course at a fast pace, and accepting the fact that DWF (D-grades, withdrawals and failures) rates will be high—often as high as 50%. The second strategy involves slowing the course to the point where even ill-prepared or unmotivated students can keep up—typically by reducing the amount of material covered. The third approach is to partition the course into cohorts that proceed at different paces, sometimes accomplished by establishing different tracks within a program."
..."the third strategy involves designing a course in such a manner that each student is allowed to proceed at his or her own pace."
"Doing so allows well-prepared students to forge ahead quickly, while students with little or no background can take the time necessary to master the fundamentals. This strategy is the selfpaced approach."
"There does not seem to be any evidence of self-paced approaches built around more traditional approaches to teaching programming, such as the use of lectures and group projects."
Link:http://informingscience.org/jite/documents/Vol5/v5p095-105Gill114.pdf
Sorry about my english,
Telma Jesus
I was searching about these theme and i found something that i consider interesting in one article written by T. Grandon Gill and Carolyn F. Holton from University of Florida, USA.
" To address these challenges, the course utilizes a self-paced format. Making the self-paced format work required three systems: 1) Content delivery: extensive multimedia aids and web content to support textual materials and to substitute for classroom lectures, 2) Peer support: peer-tutoring and assignment validation, drawing from approaches used in nuclear submarine training that provide flexibility and enhance rigor, 3) Progress monitoring: an administrative information system, used to track student progress and provide students with weekly reports."
"Confronted with such diversity of background and motivation, there seem to be three generic strategies that an instructor or department might pursue."
"The first involves teaching the course at a fast pace, and accepting the fact that DWF (D-grades, withdrawals and failures) rates will be high—often as high as 50%. The second strategy involves slowing the course to the point where even ill-prepared or unmotivated students can keep up—typically by reducing the amount of material covered. The third approach is to partition the course into cohorts that proceed at different paces, sometimes accomplished by establishing different tracks within a program."
..."the third strategy involves designing a course in such a manner that each student is allowed to proceed at his or her own pace."
"Doing so allows well-prepared students to forge ahead quickly, while students with little or no background can take the time necessary to master the fundamentals. This strategy is the selfpaced approach."
"There does not seem to be any evidence of self-paced approaches built around more traditional approaches to teaching programming, such as the use of lectures and group projects."
Link:http://informingscience.org/jite/documents/Vol5/v5p095-105Gill114.pdf
Sorry about my english,
Telma Jesus
domingo, 21 de fevereiro de 2010
Unit4- Annotated Bibliography
In the Annotated Bibliography for the final Unit (Unit 4), i decided to organize all the AB that i have wrote for the other Units and i will start once again with the questions that i am trying to answer. This way i will have done the tasks: compiling, refining and expanding the three annotated bibliographies that i have written so far for this course. I will also put at the end of each AB the reference to the articles that i used.
For the first Unit, the 3 questions were:
1.How much freedom should online students have?
2.Is online collaboration really worth or just a waste of time?
3.How can we facilitate cooperation in paced and unpaced learning environments?
For the Second Unit, the 3 questions were:
1.Which online teaching techniques do you prefer?
2.What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
3.How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
And finally for the third Unit, the 3 questions were:
1.How much transparency should we allow in online education?
2.What are the implications of transparency in online education?
3.What are the pros and cons of global student catalogues?
The answer to all these questions resumes all the content that was taught in this class. So I will take some of the already written AB, change some that i consider that need to be refined and introduce new articles if some subject wasn´t approached and i will take also in consider the comments and feedback that were made by Professor Morten.
The first i consider important to stablish the difference between Cooperative Learning and Cooperative Learning. In the article written by Ted Panitz, "A Definition of Collaborative VS Cooperative Learning", in 1996, I considered this article so important that i copied it all and put it in the my first post. It helps us to distinguish between collaborative learning and cooperative learning. It points out the main aspects of each type of learning. Collaborative learning people must join a group and as a group member must contribute to the development of a specific work. people must work together. Everyone is responsible for the work that is developed. This is a student centred learning. Has a qualitative approach. In Cooperative Learning, people work and interact for a specific goal. It is applied a quantitative method. It is a teacher centred learning and each teacher must design the cooperative activities.
Panitz, Ted, 1996, " A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning"
http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/deliberations/collaborative-learning/panitz-paper.cfm,
accessed in 20 October 2009 (3 pages)
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Cooperative Freedom
First, i noted that Professor Morten Flate Paulsen is the driving force behind the theory of Cooperative Freedom. He is professor of online education and he is in Portugal for his sabbatical and working with us in Universidade Aberta.
Whenever we talk about distance learning or cooperative learning, arises the teacher's name Morten Flate Paulsen.
Issues such as Cooperative Freedom, Flexibility, Cooperative Learning, Online Learning, Online Education, Learning Freedom and Distance Learning can be found in this work.
There are also some of his works translated to Portuguese: Relatório do Estado da Arte: Qualidade do E-learning para PMEs Europeias - uma Análise de Experiências de E-Learning em Pequenas e Médias Empresas and CLIPs e outros instrumentos de apoio à aprendizagem cooperativa realizada em ambientes virtuais.
Paulsen, Morten Flate, 11 September 2008, "Personal Presentation"
http://home.nki.no/morten/index.php/english-menu/personal-presentation.html
accessed in 20 October 2009 (1 page)
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Cooperative Learning
I found several information about Cooperative learning in this site: Informations like What is it?; Why use it?, How does it work?,What are some examples of specific programs?, What else does it do?, What else does the research say?
Balkcom,Stephen, June 1992, " Office of Research Education CONSUMER GUIDE"
http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/OR/ConsumerGuides/cooplear.html
accessed in 22 October 2009 (1 page)
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Self-paced vs. group-paced courses
I was searching about these theme and i found something that i consider interesting in one article written by T. Grandon Gill and Carolyn F. Holton from University of Florida, USA.
" To address these challenges, the course utilizes a self-paced format. Making the self-paced format work required three systems: 1) Content delivery: extensive multimedia aids and web content to support textual materials and to substitute for classroom lectures, 2) Peer support: peer-tutoring and assignment validation, drawing from approaches used in nuclear submarine training that provide flexibility and enhance rigor, 3) Progress monitoring: an administrative information system, used to track student progress and provide students with weekly reports."
"Confronted with such diversity of background and motivation, there seem to be three generic strategies that an instructor or department might pursue."
"The first involves teaching the course at a fast pace, and accepting the fact that DWF (D-grades, withdrawals and failures) rates will be high—often as high as 50%. The second strategy involves slowing the course to the point where even ill-prepared or unmotivated students can keep up—typically by reducing the amount of material covered. The third approach is to partition the course into cohorts that proceed at different paces, sometimes accomplished by establishing different tracks within a program."
..."the third strategy involves designing a course in such a manner that each student is allowed to proceed at his or her own pace."
"Doing so allows well-prepared students to forge ahead quickly, while students with little or no background can take the time necessary to master the fundamentals. This strategy is the selfpaced approach."
"There does not seem to be any evidence of self-paced approaches built around more traditional approaches to teaching programming, such as the use of lectures and group projects."
Gill, T. Grandon and Holton, Carolyn F.,2006 ,"A Self-Paced Introductory Programming Course"
http://informingscience.org/jite/documents/Vol5/v5p095-105Gill114.pdf
accessed in 26 October 2009 (11 pages)
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Teaching with Technology-Distance Learning
I found this article that focuses some aspects about distance Learning that i consider very important.
It refers to aspects like: is the distance learning only a target for working adult students;Is a course that uses media richer and more understandable; Is it better to work self-paced in one assyncronous way; Can technology help to promote interaction with all the intervenients(teacher and students); Sould the student work his way.( James G. Lengel, Hunter College, CUNY, 11/20/08)
Lengel, Jim, 20/11/2008, " Teaching with technlogy- Learning Online" Hunter College and Boston University,
http://www.powertolearn.com/articles/teaching_with_technology/article.shtml?ID=97
accessed in 23 October 2009 (2 pages)
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Teaching with Technology-Downloadable eTexts!
...
"Does talking about etexts limit our ideas of what online learning might be? It's not just traditional book content that we want our students to access, it’s course content with all those supplementary and enrichment materials—videos, educational games, audio segments, panoramic scenes, teaming projects, 3D animations, and immersion into online environments with students throughout the world—content and ideas that could whisk our students off into their own learning place. Master teachers are doing this on their own today with the resources they find online, but gathering dynamic course-related resources and making connections for interactive learning is a daunting task 180 days a year for five different class sections and in many cases, several different courses.
My ideal online book company or whatever we might call it, would not only have what teachers and students need in easy-to-access format, it would allow teachers, together with their students, to select what will work for their learning in their courses, therefore eliminating what they would not use. Teachers and students would be creating their own "learning centers,"centers students would want to and need to enter. I can see it now, and I know it will come. We just need to figure out how to get there.
My ideal online book company or whatever we might call it, would not only have what teachers and students need in easy-to-access format, it would allow teachers, together with their students, to select what will work for their learning in their courses, therefore eliminating what they would not use. Teachers and students would be creating their own "learning centers,"centers students would want to and need to enter. I can see it now, and I know it will come. We just need to figure out how to get there."(Marsh,Merle;May, 2009)
Marsh,Dr. Merle, 05/13/09, "Downloadable eTexts!"
http://www.powertolearn.com/articles/teaching_with_technology/article.shtml?ID=111
accessed in 23 October 2009 (1 page)
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Teaching with Technology- Learning Online
I found this article very interesting and similar to what happens in Portugal.
First the teachers have to use as a resource LMS like Moodle, then plan one course where we can find all the materials needed for the course, like, ebooks, etexts, and all the library the teacher thinks it's needed for the discipline.
We don't need any paper or pencils. In High School in Portugal most of the teachers also use Moodle as a resource in their classroom, but not only in the Classroom, also as a distance learning component.
Our student's can work at home, classes or anywhere at anytime they want.
The plan for each online course must be well prepared and the teacher will spend much in the begining, before using it.
The quality of the content and material used in each online course must be diversified, carefully and richly.
Here are some rich aspects that i found in these article.
..."Students expect readings, assignments, and quizzes they see on the computer to be better thought out than what they see in the classroom."
" when students confront your teaching material online, you are not there in person to explain it, or provide further details: the document they see must cover all bases. Each piece of content posted online must be self-contained and self-explanatory, so that students know exactly what they are supposed to do and have all the support they need to do it."(Lengel,2008)
"It's not what you do, it's what they do. In the classroom the teacher is at the center; students focus on the professor; it's what the faculty member does that makes the difference. Not so with online work. The only thing you get to do is prepare the content and pose the assignments; from then on, learning is dependent on what the students do. So the key to successful online courses is to craft a set of activities for the students to do: read this, look at that, ask yourself this, write that, discuss all of it together with your classmates. The clearer and more active the assignments, the more likely your students are to follow the course of study."
"The teachers in the new start-up high school are learning to structure their courses for an online environment. They are now thinking of each course as a sequence of activities that students go through as they learn the material. "
"Collaborative work. Contacting and conversing with classmates online to create a short presentation of ideas. "
The learning sequence:
Pre-assessment. A short, two- or three-question self-correcting quiz to see what he already knows (and doesn't know) about the subject.
Close reading. A serious and detailed look at the key concept, often guided by an essential question.
Written response. An opportunity for the student to summarize the key idea in her own words, and get online feedback from the teacher.
Wide browsing. Moving beyond the text to explore numerous (and perhaps conflicting) online sources about the concept.
Discussion contribution. Responding publicly in writing to the questions posed by the teacher and commenting on the contributions of classmates.
Collaborative work. Contacting and conversing with classmates online to create a short presentation of ideas.
Capstone project. Putting all that you have learned about this concept into a paper of presentation, and submitting it online.
As online learning grows, we will all learn more about what works best. But by following the guidelines above, you have a better chance to develop an effective course of study."(Jim Lengel, Hunter College and Boston University, 09/22/2008)
Lengel,Jim, 09/22/2008, " Learning Online", Hunter College and Boston University,
http://www.powertolearn.com/articles/teaching_with_technology/article.shtml?ID=88
accessed in 23 October 2009 (1 page)
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This annotated bibliography will respond to the questions raised by the professor. I’ll use different articles to answer to the following questions:
1. Which online teaching techniques do you prefer?
2. What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
3. How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
From the several Online learning techniques refereed by Paulsen, I prefer starting with a Learning contract, a technique that is considered to be used to individualize the learning process, by making an agreement that details what’s going to be learned, the objectives, competencies, the course contents, the work methodology, the resources and all the required readings, the learning environment that’s going to be used, assessment and the timeline that shows the temporal distribution of all activities.
Another teaching technique that I found important in teaching online is the Debate, consisting of as “Seaman and Fellenz (1989, 65) wrote: “A debate is a structured discussion during which two sides of an issue are presented and argued by two or more individuals within a given time period.”
Knox (1987, 88) offered another explanation: “Similar to a lecture or panel, but two or four debaters argue two sides of an important issue to clarify differences and related reasoning… Clark (1992a, 58) offered these guidelines for an electronic debate with regard to participation, preparation, coordination, and evaluation:
▪ Participation. A debate could engage two classes that agree to participate actively, two teachers who know how to telecompute, one impartial coordinator who knows how to telecompute, an experienced debater to help students learn the process, and two or more evaluators familiar with the proposition.
▪ Preparation. Give the coordinator a list of curriculum-related issues, become familiar with the evaluation criteria, and decide whether a winner will be declared. Set up speech deadlines within a four-week framework, and agree on a maximum word length for each speech. Organize classes into teams by role or by speech, and have groups research both sides of a proposition
▪ Coordination. The coordinator should formulate and announce the proposition, randomly assign groups to affirmative or negative, and channel speeches between the two sides. Further, the coordinator should mediate the debate, keep team identities secret until after the last speech is sent, and enlist evaluators and manage the evaluation process.
▪ Evaluation. After the debate, feedback from the evaluators could be discussed and students could exchange comments on the issue and process. “
Another teaching technique that I prefer is Role-plays that is “according to Rothwell and Kazanas, role-play is “a range of methods in which trainees put themselves in dramatic situations and act out scenes like actors in a play.... There are essentially two kinds of role-play: structured and spontaneous.... Structured role-play is based on a case study.... Spontaneous role-plays are based on momentary experiences.”
Another one is Discussion, where discussion groups may be implemented as buzz groups, subgroup discussions, expanding groups, and colloquies.
Buzz groups are “small clusters of learners who are temporarily grouped together for a short period to address a topic presented by a facilitator.” (Seaman and Fellenz 1989, 131)
Forums is another teaching technique that “can be defined as “an open discussion carried on by one or more resource persons and an entire group. It is used when large groups of twenty-five persons or more meet for the purpose of diffusion of knowledge, information, or opinion. The forum tends to be semiformal in nature and is directed by a moderator. The moderator is responsible for guiding discussion during which the audience is encouraged to raise and discuss issues, make comments, offer information, or ask questions of the resource person(s) and each other.”
Harisim, phrased some teaching techniques and I selected the ones that I consider importants :”
▪ Small group discussions. In small group discussions, three to ten users discuss a particular topic, usually guided by an instructor or a group leader. The discussion often follows a seminar discussion or a plenary discussion. It may also complement a parallel face-to- face or online activity.
▪ Learning partnerships and dyads. In learning partnerships and dyads, learners are paired for mutual support and group work. These techniques can serve as icebreakers in early phases of online classes and they are also useful for joint writing projects.
▪ Small working groups. Small working groups can facilitate collaborative work. Student groups can, for example, solve problems, undertake research projects, and write reports. Effective groups, though, require clearly defined tasks, roles, and timeliness.
▪ 6. Simulations or role-plays. Simulations and role-plays allow students to apply and test theoretical knowledge in a simulated environment. Examples of successful role-plays in online environments.In the evaluation manor, learners assume the perspectives of various evaluators to debate evaluation procedures and approaches.
▪ Debating teams. In debating teams, learners have the opportunity to improve their analytical and communication skills by formulating ideas, defending positions, and critiquing counter positions.
▪ Peer learning groups. In peer learning groups, learners assist one another with writing assignments, problem solving, etc. Students may, for example, collaborate online to improve their writing skills.
▪ Informal socializing: the online cafe. Since social communication is an essential compo- nent of educational activity, online educational environments should provide opportuni- ties for informal discourse. An online cafe can contribute to a sense of community among the users, forging a social bond that may offer motivational and cognitive benefits.
▪ Mutual assistance for help. Valuable online support, based on mutual assistance, can be organized in an online conference where students can ask one another for help. Such a conference may be especially useful with regard to technical problems and system support.
▪ Access to additional educational resources. Additional online resources for educational use include international networks, databases, library catalogues, and information pools. To benefit the curriculum, these resources could be an integral part of the online activities.”
The Teaching Techniques Discussed by Rekkedal and Paulsen were:"
1. Distribution of information. Distance teaching systems need to increase the efficiency of distributing and updating information to students, faculty, and staff. Computer con- ferencing can, for example, be used for distribution of updated learning materials and information about courses, seminars, examinations, and student activities.
2. Two-way communication between student, tutor and staff. In most distance teaching sys- tems, submission of assignments for correction, evaluation, and feedback is important. Research shows that extended turnaround times may have destructive effects on course completion. It often takes too long for students to get help when they encounter prob- lems in their studies. To some extent, telephone support has been used in these situa- tions, but computer conferencing systems function more conveniently. Students may, for example, ask questions at any time, without the time delay of land mail. Draft solutions may be discussed, introducing a more flexible organization of tutoring and assessment. Student answers may be made available to other students, before or after submission deadline. Computer-scored tests can also be included in online systems, as a substitute for traditional off-line computer scoring. In higher-level education, two-way communi- cation by e-mail may be used in the guidance of individual student projects.
3. An alternative to face-to-face teaching, introduction of group discussion and project work.
4. Many distance education programs include occasional face-to-face meetings between tutors and students, but practical or geographical considerations restrict many students from taking part in these meetings. Sometimes, face-to-face meetings develop into one- way presentation of subject matter. Computer conferencing, on the other hand, mainly involves information exchange and interpersonal discussion. Electronic classroom discussions can develop into exciting experiences of group learning. In the same vein, the medium seems to foster equality of status between the participants. Finally, special group-learning techniques – such as group submission of assignments, group learning and presentations, seminars, and project work – may be applied.
5. The public tutorial. Most distance education systems are designed for individual learning, but communication between one tutor and a number of individual learners is time- consuming. Questions, answers, and comments from one student will, however, often be of relevance to others. In a conferencing system, such interaction could be made accessible to all students along with pre-produced information of general interest.
6. Peer counseling. Informal peer counseling and cooperation are regular activities in on- campus programs. In computer conferencing, the possibilities for such collaboration are obvious and actively supported in the majority of learning programs. Peer help in solving problems may often come from an unknown friend. Peer counseling may be of particular value in large-scale systems where hundreds of learners are studying the same subject.
7. Free flow discussion. A number of educational conferencing systems have established social conferences, such as the cafe, the pub, or the coffee shop. These conferences have shown that informal discussions and non-academic activities can thrive in edu- cational conferencing systems.
8. The library. In an online text database, articles, lectures, research reports, etc. can be made available to the students.
2
Teaching Techniques Discussed by Kaye
In a literature review paper on collaborative learning, Kaye (1992) described the following seven applications of CMC in education and training programs:
..."2. The online classroom. Applications of the online classroom model have often been inspired by the “virtual classroom”. First, the group size is comparable to that in a face-to-face class. Second, there is at least one person responsible for guiding the group’s activities and, third, computer conferencing represents the principal mode of communication. Varieties of online class- rooms depend on the age of student groups, the educational levels, and the roles taken by the people responsible for the groups."
...
"4. Computer-supported writing and language learning. Since the combination of CMC and word processors essentially has a textual nature, it has attracted interest within the field of the teaching of writing and language skills. Examples include Connected Education’s creative writing courses and Rio Salado Community College’s courses in creative writing, technical writing, and English composition."
6. Lecture-room adjunct. In large on-campus lecture classes, there is little time for individual students to ask questions and the format does not invite discussion. In such a context, universi- ties may establish conferences where students can get help from teachers and other students.
7. The education utility. The education utility is a set of online resources that students and faculty can access.
Paulsen, Morten, (1995)"Framework for Online Teaching Techniques"
http://www.emoderators.com/moderators/cmcped.html
accessed 21 November 2009 (43 pages)
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I leave here some tips and tricks for teaching online:how to teach like a pro!
Teaching online is an alternative to teaching in a classroom. Sometimes instructors use teaching in classroom methods while teaching Online.
Sometimes online instructors may feel inadequacy and illprepared.
For teaching online, the instructor needs to use multiple tools and the internet.
Then, the course must be prepared early, the learning invironment must be structured and all the materials that are needed introduced.
Planning and preparating a course is necessary even before the course is open to students.Course objectives must be defined, early posting and late work policy defined.Sometimes it is necessary to define deadlines for the students work.
the instructor must attend to the student´s expectations, that should be clearly defined.
Students must always be awared to save their work in two or more storage device.
In the first day of the course, the instructor must break the ice and welcome the students to his course.Sometimes using emoticons helps.
Communication is always needed.
The teacher can define whether students can work in groups or not. If so, he can define the number of elements for each group. The ideal is 4 students per group.
Finaly, it is necessary to assess the students and instructor's work. See what went well and what went wrong and if necessary make some improvements for the next season.
Students can improve the teacher's teaching by sending feedback, and this can be done at any time, not only at the end of the course.
When the course is finished, at the end of the semestre,course or year the instructor should revise and refine both course design and teaching.
Shelton,Kaye andSaltsman,George, 2004, Tips and Tricks for Teaching Online:How to Teach Like a Pro!
http://itdl.org/journal/oct_04/article04.htm
accessed in 19 November 2009 (13 pages)
************************************************************************************
In the previous post i didnt answer these 2 questions:
What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
First in the article Online Study Orientation to Online Study, i found this important information about online courses.
"Elements of Online Courses
Online courses at UMUC often include the following elements:
■Asynchronous, frequent student and faculty participation
■Lectures and assigned readings (from textbooks and online resources)
■Individual and group assignments (for example, case studies and discussion questions)
■Individual and group papers
■Literature analyses
■Use of online library resources
■Online quizzes and exams. "
Using individual and group assignments in online education is another question.
Evaluating an online group activity is an important issue.
Another question emerged from this issue: How Fair are Group Assignments?written by Marilyn Ford and Jenny Morice, 2003 from the Journal of information technology education.
second to answer the question How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?, i found this article that contains all the important information: The Online Teacher's Workload--What to Expect and How to Handle It, that was written By Elizabeth Armentor, focusing aspects like "Teachers want to help their students succeed in class, and technology has improved their accessibility. Instead of waiting to talk after class or going to your office hours, a student can shoot off an email at midnight and you can answer it the next morning. An online class increases the prevalence of this phenomenon, but being too available can quickly lead to the impression that you're always "on call." This can contribute to burnout. Consequently, organization and time management are the keys to handling the workload of an online class. "
you as a teacher must Organize Your Workspace, Organize Yourself, Organize your Class,Automate When Possible, Set Boundaries and specialy Be Patient.
In the article How to manage your Online Teacher workload ,written by Kate Buttler (2003) i found another perspective of how to organize the teacher's work as the author's say "Quite often when considering online workload issues, it can be tempting to focus on how to minimise it, though care should be taken as reducing workload can have a negative impact on student workload and learning quality. It may be more productive to think about how to manage online teacher workload effectively and this can be done in context with maintaining overall learning experience. Online teaching workload can be managed through successful time and information management, aspects of course design and effective teacher and technical support."
Aspects like Time management, Information management, Course design, Technologies, Timing and structure, Teacher Support and Technical Support must be considered.
"You will find, with experience, that you develop your own strategies for managing your workload, depending on the type of programme you are teaching, your students and your work arrangements. It may be that some workload management strategies need to be provided by your employer whilst others depend upon your own awareness and needs. With attention to time and information management, sympathetic course design and suitable support, you should be able to find an approach that works for you and allows you to manage your workload effectively."
Blagojevic,Nina,Online Study Orientation to Online Study-An Online Education with UMUC-University of Maryland University College
http://umuc.learnhub.com/lesson/14721-an-online-education-with-umuc
accessed in 18 November 2009 (1 page)
Lewis, Kadriye O., 2006,"Evaluation of online group activities: Intra-group member Peer evaluation"- 22nd Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning,
http://www.uwex.edu/disted/conference/Resource_library/proceedings/06_4136.pdf
accessed in 18 November 2009 (4 pages)
Ford, Marilyn and Morice,Jenny,2003, "How Fair are Group Assignments? A Survey of Students and Faculty and a Modest Proposal"-Journal of Information Technology Education
http://informingscience.org/jite/documents/Vol2/v2p367-378-42.pdf
accessed in 18 November 2009 (12 Pages)
Armentor, Elizabeth, , "The Online Teacher's Workload--What to Expect and How to Handle It"
http://www.worldwidelearn.com/teachers-aid/article/the-online-teachers-workload.htm
accessed in 18 November 2009 (1 Page)
Butler, Kate,13 August, 2003, "How to manage your Online Teacher workload"
http://community.flexiblelearning.net.au/ManagingFlexibleDelivery/content/article_4180.htm
accessed in 18 November 2009 (2 Pages)
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This annotated bibliography will respond to the questions raised by the professor. I’ll use different articles to answer to the following questions:
1. Which online teaching techniques do you prefer?
2. What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
3. How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
From the several Online learning techniques refereed by Professor Paulsen
This annotated bibliography will respond to the questions raised by the professor. I’ll use different articles to answer to the following questions:
1. Which online teaching techniques do you prefer?
2. What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
3. How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
From the several Online learning techniques refereed by Paulsen in his free web version, entitled Online Education and Learning Management Systems. I prefer starting with a Learning contract, a technique that is considered to be used to individualize the learning process, by making an agreement that details what’s going to be learned, the objectives, competencies, the course contents, the work methodology, the resources and all the required readings, the learning environment that’s going to be used, assessment and the timeline that shows the temporal distribution of all activities.
Another teaching technique that I found important in teaching online is the Debate, consisting of as “Seaman and Fellenz (1989, 65) wrote: “A debate is a structured discussion during which two sides of an issue are presented and argued by two or more individuals within a given time period.”
Knox (1987, 88) offered another explanation: “Similar to a lecture or panel, but two or four debaters argue two sides of an important issue to clarify differences and related reasoning… Clark (1992a, 58) offered these guidelines for an electronic debate with regard to participation, preparation, coordination, and evaluation:
▪ Participation. A debate could engage two classes that agree to participate actively, two teachers who know how to telecompute, one impartial coordinator who knows how to telecompute, an experienced debater to help students learn the process, and two or more evaluators familiar with the proposition.
▪ Preparation. Give the coordinator a list of curriculum-related issues, become familiar with the evaluation criteria, and decide whether a winner will be declared. Set up speech deadlines within a four-week framework, and agree on a maximum word length for each speech. Organize classes into teams by role or by speech, and have groups research both sides of a proposition
▪ Coordination. The coordinator should formulate and announce the proposition, randomly assign groups to affirmative or negative, and channel speeches between the two sides. Further, the coordinator should mediate the debate, keep team identities secret until after the last speech is sent, and enlist evaluators and manage the evaluation process.
▪ Evaluation. After the debate, feedback from the evaluators could be discussed and students could exchange comments on the issue and process. “
Another teaching technique that I prefer is Role-plays that is “according to Rothwell and Kazanas, role-play is “a range of methods in which trainees put themselves in dramatic situations and act out scenes like actors in a play.... There are essentially two kinds of role-play: structured and spontaneous.... Structured role-play is based on a case study.... Spontaneous role-plays are based on momentary experiences.”
Another one is Discussion, where discussion groups may be implemented as buzz groups, subgroup discussions, expanding groups, and colloquies.
Buzz groups are “small clusters of learners who are temporarily grouped together for a short period to address a topic presented by a facilitator.” (Seaman and Fellenz 1989, 131)
Forums is another teaching technique that “can be defined as “an open discussion carried on by one or more resource persons and an entire group. It is used when large groups of twenty-five persons or more meet for the purpose of diffusion of knowledge, information, or opinion. The forum tends to be semiformal in nature and is directed by a moderator. The moderator is responsible for guiding discussion during which the audience is encouraged to raise and discuss issues, make comments, offer information, or ask questions of the resource person(s) and each other.”
Harisim, phrased some teaching techniques and I selected the ones that I consider importants :”
▪ Small group discussions. In small group discussions, three to ten users discuss a particular topic, usually guided by an instructor or a group leader. The discussion often follows a seminar discussion or a plenary discussion. It may also complement a parallel face-to- face or online activity.
▪ Learning partnerships and dyads. In learning partnerships and dyads, learners are paired for mutual support and group work. These techniques can serve as icebreakers in early phases of online classes and they are also useful for joint writing projects.
▪ Small working groups. Small working groups can facilitate collaborative work. Student groups can, for example, solve problems, undertake research projects, and write reports. Effective groups, though, require clearly defined tasks, roles, and timeliness.
▪ 6. Simulations or role-plays. Simulations and role-plays allow students to apply and test theoretical knowledge in a simulated environment. Examples of successful role-plays in online environments.In the evaluation manor, learners assume the perspectives of various evaluators to debate evaluation procedures and approaches.
▪ Debating teams. In debating teams, learners have the opportunity to improve their analytical and communication skills by formulating ideas, defending positions, and critiquing counter positions.
▪ Peer learning groups. In peer learning groups, learners assist one another with writing assignments, problem solving, etc. Students may, for example, collaborate online to improve their writing skills.
▪ Informal socializing: the online cafe. Since social communication is an essential compo- nent of educational activity, online educational environments should provide opportuni- ties for informal discourse. An online cafe can contribute to a sense of community among the users, forging a social bond that may offer motivational and cognitive benefits.
▪ Mutual assistance for help. Valuable online support, based on mutual assistance, can be organized in an online conference where students can ask one another for help. Such a conference may be especially useful with regard to technical problems and system support.
▪ Access to additional educational resources. Additional online resources for educational use include international networks, databases, library catalogues, and information pools. To benefit the curriculum, these resources could be an integral part of the online activities.”
the Teaching Techniques Discussed by Rekkedal and Paulsen were:"
1. Distribution of information. Distance teaching systems need to increase the efficiency of distributing and updating information to students, faculty, and staff. Computer con- ferencing can, for example, be used for distribution of updated learning materials and information about courses, seminars, examinations, and student activities.
2. Two-way communication between student, tutor and staff. In most distance teaching sys- tems, submission of assignments for correction, evaluation, and feedback is important. Research shows that extended turnaround times may have destructive effects on course completion. It often takes too long for students to get help when they encounter prob- lems in their studies. To some extent, telephone support has been used in these situa- tions, but computer conferencing systems function more conveniently. Students may, for example, ask questions at any time, without the time delay of land mail. Draft solutions may be discussed, introducing a more flexible organization of tutoring and assessment. Student answers may be made available to other students, before or after submission deadline. Computer-scored tests can also be included in online systems, as a substitute for traditional off-line computer scoring. In higher-level education, two-way communi- cation by e-mail may be used in the guidance of individual student projects.
3. An alternative to face-to-face teaching, introduction of group discussion and project work.
3. Many distance education programs include occasional face-to-face meetings between tutors and students, but practical or geographical considerations restrict many students from taking part in these meetings. Sometimes, face-to-face meetings develop into one- way presentation of subject matter. Computer conferencing, on the other hand, mainly involves information exchange and interpersonal discussion. Electronic classroom discussions can develop into exciting experiences of group learning. In the same vein, the medium seems to foster equality of status between the participants. Finally, special group-learning techniques – such as group submission of assignments, group learning and presentations, seminars, and project work – may be applied.
4. The public tutorial. Most distance education systems are designed for individual learning, but communication between one tutor and a number of individual learners is time- consuming. Questions, answers, and comments from one student will, however, often be of relevance to others. In a conferencing system, such interaction could be made accessible to all students along with pre-produced information of general interest.
5. Peer counseling. Informal peer counseling and cooperation are regular activities in on- campus programs. In computer conferencing, the possibilities for such collaboration are obvious and actively supported in the majority of learning programs. Peer help in solving problems may often come from an unknown friend. Peer counseling may be of particular value in large-scale systems where hundreds of learners are studying the same subject.
6. Free flow discussion. A number of educational conferencing systems have established social conferences, such as the cafe, the pub, or the coffee shop. These conferences have shown that informal discussions and non-academic activities can thrive in edu- cational conferencing systems.
7. The library. In an online text database, articles, lectures, research reports, etc. can be made available to the students.2
Teaching Techniques Discussed by Kaye
In a literature review paper on collaborative learning, Kaye (1992) described the following seven applications of CMC in education and training programs:
..."2. The online classroom. Applications of the online classroom model have often been inspired by the “virtual classroom”. First, the group size is comparable to that in a face-to-face class. Second, there is at least one person responsible for guiding the group’s activities and, third, computer conferencing represents the principal mode of communication. Varieties of online class- rooms depend on the age of student groups, the educational levels, and the roles taken by the people responsible for the groups."
...
"4. Computer-supported writing and language learning. Since the combination of CMC and word processors essentially has a textual nature, it has attracted interest within the field of the teaching of writing and language skills. Examples include Connected Education’s creative writing courses and Rio Salado Community College’s courses in creative writing, technical writing, and English composition."
6. Lecture-room adjunct. In large on-campus lecture classes, there is little time for individual students to ask questions and the format does not invite discussion. In such a context, universi- ties may establish conferences where students can get help from teachers and other students.
7. The education utility. The education utility is a set of online resources that students and faculty can access.
Paulsen, Morten Flate, 2003, "ONLINE EDUCATION LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS"
REVIEW COPY
http://home.nki.no/morten/index.php/norsk-meny/artikler/mine-powerpoint/doc_download/8-online-education-and-learning-management-systems.html
accessed in November 2009 (37 pages)
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I found the article “Preparing Instructors for Quality Online Instruction”, written by Yi Yang and Linda F. Cornelious from Mississippi State University, very interesting and with some interesting information.
As the author’s of the article say …”there is a considerable interest in online education, particularly as it relates to the quality of online instruction.” Exists many issues that must be discussed, such as the answers to the following questions placed by the author’s: …” What will be the new role for instructors in online education? How will students' learning outcomes be assured and improved in online learning environment? How will effective communication and interaction be established with students in the absence of face-to-face instruction? How will instructors motivate students to learn in the online learning environment?”
It depends on the instructors, the success of one online course, first of all, it is an innovative technique of teaching and online instruction must be effective, attending to the challenges and barriers of the online teaching and for the Instructors.
The instructors will have new roles to play and new responsibilities and they have to adapt themselves to this new era in teaching. They must be prepared to leave the learning centred in the teacher in one classroom and accept the challenge of the centred student education.
There’s a role shifting that the teacher/instructor must assist, accept and join.
It’s not only the instructor that is changing but also the learner. They both have to play multiple roles and adjust to new roles. They must adapt to new environments, and they also must be open mind for the usage of technology. Teachers must deal with feelings such as frustration and must help students to overcome with their problems on the usage of technology.
Both teacher/instructor and learner must be motivated and be prepared for the asynchronous communication.
The learner must play a more active role.
The students must ensure their integrity and their honesty while attending to an online course.
The quality of online education must be assured by facing the new challenges and adjusting the attitudes facing the new opportunities, new teaching styles, adapting new strategies in the course design, new teaching methods, new learning environments, and all this must start before the online course and must be carefully planned.
“… online education has the following features: (a) it provides a learning experience different than in the traditional classroom because learners are different, (b) the communication is via computer and World Wide Web, (c) participation in classroom by learners are different, (d) the social dynamic of the learning environment is changed, and (e) discrimination and prejudice is minimized”
“…face-to-face interaction can be substituted by online discussions in bulletin board systems, online video conferences… Online education can also promote students' critical thinking skills, deep learning, collaborative learning, and problem-solving skills.”
“Alley and Jansak (2001) have also identified 10 keys to quality online learning. The authors suggested that online courses will be high quality when they are student-centered and when:
• Knowledge is constructed, not transmitted.
• Students can take full responsibility for their own learning.
• Students are motivated to want to learn.
• The course provides “mental white space” for reflection.
• Learning activities appropriately match student learning styles.
• Experiential, active learning augments the Web site learning environment,
• Solitary and interpersonal learning activities are interspersed.
• Inaccurate prior learning is identified and corrected.
• “Spiral learning” provides for revisiting and expanding prior lessons,
• The master teacher is able to guide the overall learning process.”
“To ensure the quality of online instruction, the qualification of the instructors should be a first consideration. Since the preparation of instructors is also paramount, those who teach online courses should understand what their roles are and adjust their attitudes for this role change. Second, it is important for instructors to master, design, and delivery strategies, techniques, and methods for teaching online courses. Third, the institution should provide technical and financial support for faculty. Fourth, school administrators should also realize what their role and responsibilities are in ensuring quality online instruction. Critical to this process, administrators should recruit qualified faculty or instructors for their online education programs. Moore (2001) also noted that to effectively deliver online courses, faculty must promote student-to-student interaction with minimal faculty intervention, engage students in regular assignments, cultivate students' self-directed abilities, and then provide specialized attention to students who lack self-directedness.
The increasing diversity of the nation's student population and advancements in the development of educational technology has encouraged the popularity of online instruction
(Bi, 2000). However, academic institutions that offer courses online still face many challenges. Therefore, administrative support is crucial if programs are to be successful. Administrators must consider issues related to intellectual property, pedagogical rigor and methods, course management, and instructional compensation of faculty (McAlister, Rivera, & Hallman, 2003). In essence, successful online instruction does not happen by magic. It is a collaboration of instructors, administrators, students, and the community at large. The courseware development industries should keep the instructors tuned in about their product updates and provide training and technical service support to instructors. The government, community, and parents should also help the school to ensure the quality of online instruction.
Moving from traditional methods of teaching to online methods of instruction often create dramatic shifts in the perspectives of instructors and their students (Dringus, 2000). Moreover, many issues have been raised about the quality of online instruction:
• Administrators should not force faculty to teach online courses who do not wish to do so.
• Training in WebCT should be made more user friendly.
• Mentors should be available in each department or college who can answer questions that come up from faculty who have limited experience in teaching online courses.
• Departments should limit the enrollment in online courses so that instructors will be more focused on communicating and interacting with online students.
• Instructors need to take courses to better understand technology; specific classes need to be taken in order to design websites for online courses.
• Instructors must have the support of other instructors who have taught online courses before, as well as administrative and technical support.
• Instructors should consider how to increase the interaction between students-instructor and peer-interactions by using various types of instructional design methods.
• Instructors should encourage students to evaluate the courses continuously and periodically so as to improve online teaching.”
Yang,Yi and Cornelious, Linda F., Spring 2005,"Preparing Instructors for Quality Online Instruction"-Online Journal of Distance Learning
http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6682339656181159349&postID=102141284252878044
accessed in November 2009 (18 pages)
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Online Learning Techniques
I found this teaching tips very interesting.
101 THINGS YOU CAN DO THE FIRST THREE WEEKS OF CLASSthat was writen by Joyce T. Povlacs Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
...and since we must be carefull with the verbal comments, personal behavior, physical environments, and printed signs, you also must see these list of items, made by William Watson Purkey and John M. Novak.
Because we all need some tips about THE MOST IMPORTANT DAY: STARTING WELL by Delivee L. Wright
Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska.
Where do we start? the first day of class: WHAT CAN/SHOULD WE DO?By L. Dee Fink.
Well, i found that everything in this page is so interesting that you should visit in here. It talkes about what procedures to take from the first day, how to prepare a course, how to prepare a lesson plan, teaching techniques, course design, tools for students, assessment, teaching organization, motivating students, dealing with stress,etc.and was reprinted by Delivee L. Wright,
Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska.
Povlacs, Joyce T., , "101 THINGS YOU CAN DO THE FIRST THREE WEEKS OF CLASS"-
Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/101thing.htm
accessed in November 2009 (5 pages)
Purkey, William Watson and Novak,John M., 1994,"FORTY SUCCESSES"-Inviting School Success, Wadworth
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/40succes.htm
accessed in November 2009 (4 pages)
Wright, Delivee L., July 30, 1999,"THE MOST IMPORTANT DAY: STARTING WELL"
Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska.
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/dayone.htm
accessed in November 2009 (5 pages)
Fink,L. Dee, July 19, 1999, "FIRST DAY OF CLASS: WHAT CAN/SHOULD WE DO?"-University of Oklahoma
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/firstday.htm
accessed in November 2009 (2 pages)
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In this annotated bibliography, i will try to respond to this important questions raised by professor Paulsen. I'll try to comment different articles in order to answer the following questions:
1.How much transparency should we allow in online education?
2.What are the implications of transparency in online education?
3.What are the pros and cons of global student catalogues?
The first article is Transparency in Cooperative Online Education by Christian Dalsgaard,
Aarhus University, Denmark and Morten Flate Paulsen, The Norwegian School of Information Technology, Norway
Transparency can be considered as a strategy that reach, catch, hold, motivate, and inspire students. Transparency gives students insight into each other’s actions.The pedagogical potential of social networking lies within transparency and the ability to create awareness among students...A central characteristic of social networking is the potential to facilitate transparency between students. The basic assumption is that transparency is important to cooperative online education. People can cooperate only if they know about each other and have access to some common information and services."(Paulsen and Dalsgaard, June 2009)
Here is a definition of Transparency by Paulsen and Dalsgaard: "Transparency means that you and your doings are visible to fellow students and teachers within a learning environment. For instance, transparency could mean that students and teachers are made aware of and have access to each other’s interests, thoughts, concerns, ideas, writings, references, and assignments. The purpose of transparency is to enable students and teachers to see and follow the work of fellow students and teachers within a learning environment and in that sense to make participants available to each other as resources for their learning activities."
Each individual creates his/her own page wich he/she develops and modifies as it develops its activities. Other people can follow these pages. It is called passive form of communication and sharing.
The discussion forums, are the opposite of this type of personal page and is a place where students send comments, posts, messages or documents in order to communicate or share.
Having a personal page (weblog or other...) is a form of socialization since it is connected to other personal pages and the indivudual is notified whenever a page is modified. In general it is buildt a network of personal relations. This is what is happening with us in this master. We are enable to follow the work of our colleagues and be aware of the activities they are developing and even make use of that information that we consider important. Everyone should be voluntary engaged to a network and contribute to the learning community. A commitment should be established so that the individual can serve as a resource for all the learning community.
"This transparent information may include personal information about the users and statistics related to the users’ deployment of the online tools. It may further include work students and teachers provide in online notebooks, blogs, and discussion forums as well as results from quizzes, surveys, and assignments."
" Transparency is also an important driver for improved quality. It has the following three positive effects on quality:
Preventive quality improvement
We are prone to provide better quality when we know that others have access to the information and contributions we provide.
Constructive quality improvement
We may learn from others when we have access to their data and contributions.
Reactive quality improvement
We may receive feedback from others when they have access to our data and contributions."
"Transparency may reduce the number of low quality contributions and may make high quality work more accessible as paragons for others. In transparent online learning environments, poor contributions from teachers and course designers cannot be hidden easily behind closed doors. It is important to realize that transparency must be handled carefully with regard to privacy issues. The users must be confident that their privacy is assured. They should be able to choose their preferred privacy level and understand how this choice controls how much of their personal data and contributions will be available to others."
In the article written by Christopher Hill, Principles for Improving Online Transparency, Quality it is focused aspects like: What are the benefits of every online student be well-informed,..."." A key focus of the plan is providing program-specific outcomes data that allows students to make informed decisions about their education investment",he says.
“To meet the education needs of adult students, we must provide them with trustworthy and transparent ways to choose among many available options and to gauge the potential of each one to further their careers.” The goal of the program is “to lead universities and colleges toward greater accountability and transparency.”, said Michael Offerman, president of Capella University.
"All types of transparency in Online education are very important, aspects like student demographics, completion rates, costs, student engagement, and knowledge and skills learned are essencial information for students.This kind of data can be viewed in annual reports." Most important, Transparency by Design reports include outcomes at the program specialization level, allowing prospective students to assess how well a program will prepare them for their professional pursuits."
"One of the requirements for implementing Transparency by Design is the development of a new set of best practices for participating institutions. “You want to make sure things are in place at the institutional level,”" says Merle Harris, president of Charter Oaks State College, who has been instrumental in developing just such standards. “Collectively we went back and we looked at best practices that have been put out by other organizations for online learning and then we developed our set based on those,” she says.
"Merle Harris, president of Charter Oaks State College and her associates concluded that there were a few basic principles for institutions that really want to be transparent." You can take a look on them by reading this two articles: Principles for Improving Online Transparency, Quality and More Principles for Improving Online Transparency, Quality.
The principels for improving online transparency are:
#1 Make distance education a central element of your mission:
#2 Accountability to stakeholders:
#3 Responsiveness:
#4 Faculty competence:
#5 Institutional integrity:
#6 Excellence in student services:
#7 Integrity in marketing:
#8 Curricular quality:
“The keys are disclosure, transparency, the ability to interact with students easily and the quality of the curriculum. So that we know what we’re trying to achieve and we regularly measure it.”
In this blog entitled Higher Education Management Group
A LinkedIn Group (Founded by Keith Hampson, PhD) if found one post that consists in an interview with Dr. Mike Offerman, Capella University entitled: Quality, Access and Transparency in Higher Education focusing aspects like: Quality in higher education, the capacity (and willingness) to meet the needs of “non-traditional” learners, What role does increased access to data on institutional performance and student learning play in higher ed reform.
"It was access to data that drove the creation of Transparency by Design. We realized that the online delivery format generates huge amounts of data. Unprecedented data—data on every interaction in the learning exchange, including data about demonstrations of learning outcomes. But, most of us were not looking at the data in any coherent manner.", says Dr. Mike Offerman.
I also foud this list of 21 questions that will help you (student) choose the degree program that is right for you.
"Learner characteristics are influenced by several factors, including:
•Locus of control: Is the individual student in control of the learning or are there external forces in charge of what the student learns?
•Task orientation: Is the learner able to stay on task without going too far astray?
•Level of motivation: Is the learner intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated?", as refered by Christopher Hill in his article:Online Course Design Should Consider Learner Characteristics.
In my opinion, distance Education Resistance is origined by the lack of transparency in all aspects. See tha article:Distance Education Resistance: Understanding Its Origins, written by Christopher Hill.
Paulsen and Dalsgaard considered that "Student catalogues are important tools for showing students that they have access to a learning community. A comprehensive catalogue that provides relevant information about students is crucial to students acquiring an overview of the learning community. Student catalogues usually provide information about all students enrolled in a course; however, if students can access information about the students enrolled in other courses offered by the institution, they may benefit from taking part in a larger learning community. Moreover, a catalog that includes alumni could be of interest to students who seek advice on courses they are considering or on future employment.To facilitate cooperation, a student catalogue should include information that makes it easy to initiate and maintain communication, such as e-mail addresses, telephone numbers, chatting identities, etc. It may also include information on geographical location (e.g., zip codes) to facilitate identification of potential partners for occasional face-to-face meetings. Similarly, it may include progress plan information so that students can identify peers who are working with the same study unit. Finally, one may argue that student catalogues should include CV-type information to make it possible to search for peers who have special competencies.
Student catalogues must address privacy issues appropriately. Some information in student catalogues may be regarded as sensitive and may require student consent. Some students may also be opposed to inclusion in a student catalogue."
The students who seek learning partners are asked to do the following:
1.Register their personal presentations.
2.Decide who may access their presentations.
3.Search for potential learning partners.
4.Invite somebody to become their learning partner. "
"The new challenge is to motivate students to engage in joint work...transparency is a prerequisite for distance students to work cooperatively.
Transparency enables students to be visible to each other as potential partners and resources
an important objective is to support an individual’s consciousness and awareness of the activities of others. This can be achieved by making a variety of information transparent, for instance by developing student catalogues and learner profiles, by encouraging learners to become partners, and by sharing personal learning tools.
Whereas discussion forums and other tools for direct communication and collaboration focus on direct sharing, social networking can support students’ indirect sharing of resources, thoughts, ideas, productions, writings, notes, etc. This kind of sharing can provide students with insights into the workings of other students, and, thus, give them an increased consciousness and awareness of the activities of other students.(Paulsen and Dalsgaard, 2009)
"The pedagogical potential lies within developing social networks in which students’ activities are visible to other students. The potential is to support transparency through a combination of personalization and socialization and through sharing personal information and tools within social networks". (Social networking sites: Transparency in online education, Dalsgaard 2006)
Paulsen, Morten Flate and Dalsgaard,Christian, June 2009, "Transparency in Cooperative Online Education"
http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/671/1267
accessed in 5 January 2010 (22 pages)
Hill,Christopher, October 20, 2009, "Principles for Improving Online Transparency, Quality"
http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/distance-learning/principles-for-improving-online-transparency-quality/
accessed in 5 January 2010
Hill,Christopherin, October 20, 2009, "More Principles for Improving Online Transparency"
http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/distance-learning/more-principles-for-improving-online-transparency-quality/
accessed in 5 January 2010
Offerman, Mike , November 18, 2009, "Quality, Access and Transparency in Higher Education"
http://highereducationmanagement.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/dr-mike-offerman-capella-university-quality-access-and-transparency-in-higher-education/
accessed in 5 January 2010
http://www.collegechoicesforadults.org/welcome/questions
accessed in 5 January 2010
Hill,Christopher, August 6, 2009, "Online Course Design Should Consider Learner Characteristics"
http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/distance-learning/online-course-design-should-consider-learner-characteristics/
accessed 6 January
Hill,Christopher, July 14, 2009 "Distance Education Resistance: Understanding Its Origins"
http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/distance-learning/distance-education-resistance-understanding-its-origins/
accessed in 5 January 2010
Dalsgaard, Christian,, "Social networking sites: Transparency in online
education"
http://eunis.dk/papers/p41.pdf
accessed in 6 January 2010 (6 pages)
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Transparency in Cooperative Online Education
I found this interesting article "Transparency in Cooperative Online Education" that was written by Professor Morten Flate Paulsen
and professor Christian Dalsgaard that discuss: What is the potential of social networking within cooperative online education? the authors argue about transparency as a unique feature of social networking services.
The article talks about cooperative learning, virtual learning environments and transparency based on experiences experienced by the authors.
Paulsen, Morten Flate and Dalsgaard,Christian, June 2009, "Transparency in Cooperative Online Education"
http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/671/1267
accessed in accessed in 5 January 2010 (22 pages)
For the first Unit, the 3 questions were:
1.How much freedom should online students have?
2.Is online collaboration really worth or just a waste of time?
3.How can we facilitate cooperation in paced and unpaced learning environments?
For the Second Unit, the 3 questions were:
1.Which online teaching techniques do you prefer?
2.What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
3.How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
And finally for the third Unit, the 3 questions were:
1.How much transparency should we allow in online education?
2.What are the implications of transparency in online education?
3.What are the pros and cons of global student catalogues?
The answer to all these questions resumes all the content that was taught in this class. So I will take some of the already written AB, change some that i consider that need to be refined and introduce new articles if some subject wasn´t approached and i will take also in consider the comments and feedback that were made by Professor Morten.
The first i consider important to stablish the difference between Cooperative Learning and Cooperative Learning. In the article written by Ted Panitz, "A Definition of Collaborative VS Cooperative Learning", in 1996, I considered this article so important that i copied it all and put it in the my first post. It helps us to distinguish between collaborative learning and cooperative learning. It points out the main aspects of each type of learning. Collaborative learning people must join a group and as a group member must contribute to the development of a specific work. people must work together. Everyone is responsible for the work that is developed. This is a student centred learning. Has a qualitative approach. In Cooperative Learning, people work and interact for a specific goal. It is applied a quantitative method. It is a teacher centred learning and each teacher must design the cooperative activities.
Panitz, Ted, 1996, " A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning"
http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/deliberations/collaborative-learning/panitz-paper.cfm,
accessed in 20 October 2009 (3 pages)
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Cooperative Freedom
First, i noted that Professor Morten Flate Paulsen is the driving force behind the theory of Cooperative Freedom. He is professor of online education and he is in Portugal for his sabbatical and working with us in Universidade Aberta.
Whenever we talk about distance learning or cooperative learning, arises the teacher's name Morten Flate Paulsen.
Issues such as Cooperative Freedom, Flexibility, Cooperative Learning, Online Learning, Online Education, Learning Freedom and Distance Learning can be found in this work.
There are also some of his works translated to Portuguese: Relatório do Estado da Arte: Qualidade do E-learning para PMEs Europeias - uma Análise de Experiências de E-Learning em Pequenas e Médias Empresas and CLIPs e outros instrumentos de apoio à aprendizagem cooperativa realizada em ambientes virtuais.
Paulsen, Morten Flate, 11 September 2008, "Personal Presentation"
http://home.nki.no/morten/index.php/english-menu/personal-presentation.html
accessed in 20 October 2009 (1 page)
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Cooperative Learning
I found several information about Cooperative learning in this site: Informations like What is it?; Why use it?, How does it work?,What are some examples of specific programs?, What else does it do?, What else does the research say?
Balkcom,Stephen, June 1992, " Office of Research Education CONSUMER GUIDE"
http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/OR/ConsumerGuides/cooplear.html
accessed in 22 October 2009 (1 page)
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Self-paced vs. group-paced courses
I was searching about these theme and i found something that i consider interesting in one article written by T. Grandon Gill and Carolyn F. Holton from University of Florida, USA.
" To address these challenges, the course utilizes a self-paced format. Making the self-paced format work required three systems: 1) Content delivery: extensive multimedia aids and web content to support textual materials and to substitute for classroom lectures, 2) Peer support: peer-tutoring and assignment validation, drawing from approaches used in nuclear submarine training that provide flexibility and enhance rigor, 3) Progress monitoring: an administrative information system, used to track student progress and provide students with weekly reports."
"Confronted with such diversity of background and motivation, there seem to be three generic strategies that an instructor or department might pursue."
"The first involves teaching the course at a fast pace, and accepting the fact that DWF (D-grades, withdrawals and failures) rates will be high—often as high as 50%. The second strategy involves slowing the course to the point where even ill-prepared or unmotivated students can keep up—typically by reducing the amount of material covered. The third approach is to partition the course into cohorts that proceed at different paces, sometimes accomplished by establishing different tracks within a program."
..."the third strategy involves designing a course in such a manner that each student is allowed to proceed at his or her own pace."
"Doing so allows well-prepared students to forge ahead quickly, while students with little or no background can take the time necessary to master the fundamentals. This strategy is the selfpaced approach."
"There does not seem to be any evidence of self-paced approaches built around more traditional approaches to teaching programming, such as the use of lectures and group projects."
Gill, T. Grandon and Holton, Carolyn F.,2006 ,"A Self-Paced Introductory Programming Course"
http://informingscience.org/jite/documents/Vol5/v5p095-105Gill114.pdf
accessed in 26 October 2009 (11 pages)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Teaching with Technology-Distance Learning
I found this article that focuses some aspects about distance Learning that i consider very important.
It refers to aspects like: is the distance learning only a target for working adult students;Is a course that uses media richer and more understandable; Is it better to work self-paced in one assyncronous way; Can technology help to promote interaction with all the intervenients(teacher and students); Sould the student work his way.( James G. Lengel, Hunter College, CUNY, 11/20/08)
Lengel, Jim, 20/11/2008, " Teaching with technlogy- Learning Online" Hunter College and Boston University,
http://www.powertolearn.com/articles/teaching_with_technology/article.shtml?ID=97
accessed in 23 October 2009 (2 pages)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Teaching with Technology-Downloadable eTexts!
...
"Does talking about etexts limit our ideas of what online learning might be? It's not just traditional book content that we want our students to access, it’s course content with all those supplementary and enrichment materials—videos, educational games, audio segments, panoramic scenes, teaming projects, 3D animations, and immersion into online environments with students throughout the world—content and ideas that could whisk our students off into their own learning place. Master teachers are doing this on their own today with the resources they find online, but gathering dynamic course-related resources and making connections for interactive learning is a daunting task 180 days a year for five different class sections and in many cases, several different courses.
My ideal online book company or whatever we might call it, would not only have what teachers and students need in easy-to-access format, it would allow teachers, together with their students, to select what will work for their learning in their courses, therefore eliminating what they would not use. Teachers and students would be creating their own "learning centers,"centers students would want to and need to enter. I can see it now, and I know it will come. We just need to figure out how to get there.
My ideal online book company or whatever we might call it, would not only have what teachers and students need in easy-to-access format, it would allow teachers, together with their students, to select what will work for their learning in their courses, therefore eliminating what they would not use. Teachers and students would be creating their own "learning centers,"centers students would want to and need to enter. I can see it now, and I know it will come. We just need to figure out how to get there."(Marsh,Merle;May, 2009)
Marsh,Dr. Merle, 05/13/09, "Downloadable eTexts!"
http://www.powertolearn.com/articles/teaching_with_technology/article.shtml?ID=111
accessed in 23 October 2009 (1 page)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Teaching with Technology- Learning Online
I found this article very interesting and similar to what happens in Portugal.
First the teachers have to use as a resource LMS like Moodle, then plan one course where we can find all the materials needed for the course, like, ebooks, etexts, and all the library the teacher thinks it's needed for the discipline.
We don't need any paper or pencils. In High School in Portugal most of the teachers also use Moodle as a resource in their classroom, but not only in the Classroom, also as a distance learning component.
Our student's can work at home, classes or anywhere at anytime they want.
The plan for each online course must be well prepared and the teacher will spend much in the begining, before using it.
The quality of the content and material used in each online course must be diversified, carefully and richly.
Here are some rich aspects that i found in these article.
..."Students expect readings, assignments, and quizzes they see on the computer to be better thought out than what they see in the classroom."
" when students confront your teaching material online, you are not there in person to explain it, or provide further details: the document they see must cover all bases. Each piece of content posted online must be self-contained and self-explanatory, so that students know exactly what they are supposed to do and have all the support they need to do it."(Lengel,2008)
"It's not what you do, it's what they do. In the classroom the teacher is at the center; students focus on the professor; it's what the faculty member does that makes the difference. Not so with online work. The only thing you get to do is prepare the content and pose the assignments; from then on, learning is dependent on what the students do. So the key to successful online courses is to craft a set of activities for the students to do: read this, look at that, ask yourself this, write that, discuss all of it together with your classmates. The clearer and more active the assignments, the more likely your students are to follow the course of study."
"The teachers in the new start-up high school are learning to structure their courses for an online environment. They are now thinking of each course as a sequence of activities that students go through as they learn the material. "
"Collaborative work. Contacting and conversing with classmates online to create a short presentation of ideas. "
The learning sequence:
Pre-assessment. A short, two- or three-question self-correcting quiz to see what he already knows (and doesn't know) about the subject.
Close reading. A serious and detailed look at the key concept, often guided by an essential question.
Written response. An opportunity for the student to summarize the key idea in her own words, and get online feedback from the teacher.
Wide browsing. Moving beyond the text to explore numerous (and perhaps conflicting) online sources about the concept.
Discussion contribution. Responding publicly in writing to the questions posed by the teacher and commenting on the contributions of classmates.
Collaborative work. Contacting and conversing with classmates online to create a short presentation of ideas.
Capstone project. Putting all that you have learned about this concept into a paper of presentation, and submitting it online.
As online learning grows, we will all learn more about what works best. But by following the guidelines above, you have a better chance to develop an effective course of study."(Jim Lengel, Hunter College and Boston University, 09/22/2008)
Lengel,Jim, 09/22/2008, " Learning Online", Hunter College and Boston University,
http://www.powertolearn.com/articles/teaching_with_technology/article.shtml?ID=88
accessed in 23 October 2009 (1 page)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This annotated bibliography will respond to the questions raised by the professor. I’ll use different articles to answer to the following questions:
1. Which online teaching techniques do you prefer?
2. What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
3. How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
From the several Online learning techniques refereed by Paulsen, I prefer starting with a Learning contract, a technique that is considered to be used to individualize the learning process, by making an agreement that details what’s going to be learned, the objectives, competencies, the course contents, the work methodology, the resources and all the required readings, the learning environment that’s going to be used, assessment and the timeline that shows the temporal distribution of all activities.
Another teaching technique that I found important in teaching online is the Debate, consisting of as “Seaman and Fellenz (1989, 65) wrote: “A debate is a structured discussion during which two sides of an issue are presented and argued by two or more individuals within a given time period.”
Knox (1987, 88) offered another explanation: “Similar to a lecture or panel, but two or four debaters argue two sides of an important issue to clarify differences and related reasoning… Clark (1992a, 58) offered these guidelines for an electronic debate with regard to participation, preparation, coordination, and evaluation:
▪ Participation. A debate could engage two classes that agree to participate actively, two teachers who know how to telecompute, one impartial coordinator who knows how to telecompute, an experienced debater to help students learn the process, and two or more evaluators familiar with the proposition.
▪ Preparation. Give the coordinator a list of curriculum-related issues, become familiar with the evaluation criteria, and decide whether a winner will be declared. Set up speech deadlines within a four-week framework, and agree on a maximum word length for each speech. Organize classes into teams by role or by speech, and have groups research both sides of a proposition
▪ Coordination. The coordinator should formulate and announce the proposition, randomly assign groups to affirmative or negative, and channel speeches between the two sides. Further, the coordinator should mediate the debate, keep team identities secret until after the last speech is sent, and enlist evaluators and manage the evaluation process.
▪ Evaluation. After the debate, feedback from the evaluators could be discussed and students could exchange comments on the issue and process. “
Another teaching technique that I prefer is Role-plays that is “according to Rothwell and Kazanas, role-play is “a range of methods in which trainees put themselves in dramatic situations and act out scenes like actors in a play.... There are essentially two kinds of role-play: structured and spontaneous.... Structured role-play is based on a case study.... Spontaneous role-plays are based on momentary experiences.”
Another one is Discussion, where discussion groups may be implemented as buzz groups, subgroup discussions, expanding groups, and colloquies.
Buzz groups are “small clusters of learners who are temporarily grouped together for a short period to address a topic presented by a facilitator.” (Seaman and Fellenz 1989, 131)
Forums is another teaching technique that “can be defined as “an open discussion carried on by one or more resource persons and an entire group. It is used when large groups of twenty-five persons or more meet for the purpose of diffusion of knowledge, information, or opinion. The forum tends to be semiformal in nature and is directed by a moderator. The moderator is responsible for guiding discussion during which the audience is encouraged to raise and discuss issues, make comments, offer information, or ask questions of the resource person(s) and each other.”
Harisim, phrased some teaching techniques and I selected the ones that I consider importants :”
▪ Small group discussions. In small group discussions, three to ten users discuss a particular topic, usually guided by an instructor or a group leader. The discussion often follows a seminar discussion or a plenary discussion. It may also complement a parallel face-to- face or online activity.
▪ Learning partnerships and dyads. In learning partnerships and dyads, learners are paired for mutual support and group work. These techniques can serve as icebreakers in early phases of online classes and they are also useful for joint writing projects.
▪ Small working groups. Small working groups can facilitate collaborative work. Student groups can, for example, solve problems, undertake research projects, and write reports. Effective groups, though, require clearly defined tasks, roles, and timeliness.
▪ 6. Simulations or role-plays. Simulations and role-plays allow students to apply and test theoretical knowledge in a simulated environment. Examples of successful role-plays in online environments.In the evaluation manor, learners assume the perspectives of various evaluators to debate evaluation procedures and approaches.
▪ Debating teams. In debating teams, learners have the opportunity to improve their analytical and communication skills by formulating ideas, defending positions, and critiquing counter positions.
▪ Peer learning groups. In peer learning groups, learners assist one another with writing assignments, problem solving, etc. Students may, for example, collaborate online to improve their writing skills.
▪ Informal socializing: the online cafe. Since social communication is an essential compo- nent of educational activity, online educational environments should provide opportuni- ties for informal discourse. An online cafe can contribute to a sense of community among the users, forging a social bond that may offer motivational and cognitive benefits.
▪ Mutual assistance for help. Valuable online support, based on mutual assistance, can be organized in an online conference where students can ask one another for help. Such a conference may be especially useful with regard to technical problems and system support.
▪ Access to additional educational resources. Additional online resources for educational use include international networks, databases, library catalogues, and information pools. To benefit the curriculum, these resources could be an integral part of the online activities.”
The Teaching Techniques Discussed by Rekkedal and Paulsen were:"
1. Distribution of information. Distance teaching systems need to increase the efficiency of distributing and updating information to students, faculty, and staff. Computer con- ferencing can, for example, be used for distribution of updated learning materials and information about courses, seminars, examinations, and student activities.
2. Two-way communication between student, tutor and staff. In most distance teaching sys- tems, submission of assignments for correction, evaluation, and feedback is important. Research shows that extended turnaround times may have destructive effects on course completion. It often takes too long for students to get help when they encounter prob- lems in their studies. To some extent, telephone support has been used in these situa- tions, but computer conferencing systems function more conveniently. Students may, for example, ask questions at any time, without the time delay of land mail. Draft solutions may be discussed, introducing a more flexible organization of tutoring and assessment. Student answers may be made available to other students, before or after submission deadline. Computer-scored tests can also be included in online systems, as a substitute for traditional off-line computer scoring. In higher-level education, two-way communi- cation by e-mail may be used in the guidance of individual student projects.
3. An alternative to face-to-face teaching, introduction of group discussion and project work.
4. Many distance education programs include occasional face-to-face meetings between tutors and students, but practical or geographical considerations restrict many students from taking part in these meetings. Sometimes, face-to-face meetings develop into one- way presentation of subject matter. Computer conferencing, on the other hand, mainly involves information exchange and interpersonal discussion. Electronic classroom discussions can develop into exciting experiences of group learning. In the same vein, the medium seems to foster equality of status between the participants. Finally, special group-learning techniques – such as group submission of assignments, group learning and presentations, seminars, and project work – may be applied.
5. The public tutorial. Most distance education systems are designed for individual learning, but communication between one tutor and a number of individual learners is time- consuming. Questions, answers, and comments from one student will, however, often be of relevance to others. In a conferencing system, such interaction could be made accessible to all students along with pre-produced information of general interest.
6. Peer counseling. Informal peer counseling and cooperation are regular activities in on- campus programs. In computer conferencing, the possibilities for such collaboration are obvious and actively supported in the majority of learning programs. Peer help in solving problems may often come from an unknown friend. Peer counseling may be of particular value in large-scale systems where hundreds of learners are studying the same subject.
7. Free flow discussion. A number of educational conferencing systems have established social conferences, such as the cafe, the pub, or the coffee shop. These conferences have shown that informal discussions and non-academic activities can thrive in edu- cational conferencing systems.
8. The library. In an online text database, articles, lectures, research reports, etc. can be made available to the students.
2
Teaching Techniques Discussed by Kaye
In a literature review paper on collaborative learning, Kaye (1992) described the following seven applications of CMC in education and training programs:
..."2. The online classroom. Applications of the online classroom model have often been inspired by the “virtual classroom”. First, the group size is comparable to that in a face-to-face class. Second, there is at least one person responsible for guiding the group’s activities and, third, computer conferencing represents the principal mode of communication. Varieties of online class- rooms depend on the age of student groups, the educational levels, and the roles taken by the people responsible for the groups."
...
"4. Computer-supported writing and language learning. Since the combination of CMC and word processors essentially has a textual nature, it has attracted interest within the field of the teaching of writing and language skills. Examples include Connected Education’s creative writing courses and Rio Salado Community College’s courses in creative writing, technical writing, and English composition."
6. Lecture-room adjunct. In large on-campus lecture classes, there is little time for individual students to ask questions and the format does not invite discussion. In such a context, universi- ties may establish conferences where students can get help from teachers and other students.
7. The education utility. The education utility is a set of online resources that students and faculty can access.
Paulsen, Morten, (1995)"Framework for Online Teaching Techniques"
http://www.emoderators.com/moderators/cmcped.html
accessed 21 November 2009 (43 pages)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I leave here some tips and tricks for teaching online:how to teach like a pro!
Teaching online is an alternative to teaching in a classroom. Sometimes instructors use teaching in classroom methods while teaching Online.
Sometimes online instructors may feel inadequacy and illprepared.
For teaching online, the instructor needs to use multiple tools and the internet.
Then, the course must be prepared early, the learning invironment must be structured and all the materials that are needed introduced.
Planning and preparating a course is necessary even before the course is open to students.Course objectives must be defined, early posting and late work policy defined.Sometimes it is necessary to define deadlines for the students work.
the instructor must attend to the student´s expectations, that should be clearly defined.
Students must always be awared to save their work in two or more storage device.
In the first day of the course, the instructor must break the ice and welcome the students to his course.Sometimes using emoticons helps.
Communication is always needed.
The teacher can define whether students can work in groups or not. If so, he can define the number of elements for each group. The ideal is 4 students per group.
Finaly, it is necessary to assess the students and instructor's work. See what went well and what went wrong and if necessary make some improvements for the next season.
Students can improve the teacher's teaching by sending feedback, and this can be done at any time, not only at the end of the course.
When the course is finished, at the end of the semestre,course or year the instructor should revise and refine both course design and teaching.
Shelton,Kaye andSaltsman,George, 2004, Tips and Tricks for Teaching Online:How to Teach Like a Pro!
http://itdl.org/journal/oct_04/article04.htm
accessed in 19 November 2009 (13 pages)
************************************************************************************
In the previous post i didnt answer these 2 questions:
What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
First in the article Online Study Orientation to Online Study, i found this important information about online courses.
"Elements of Online Courses
Online courses at UMUC often include the following elements:
■Asynchronous, frequent student and faculty participation
■Lectures and assigned readings (from textbooks and online resources)
■Individual and group assignments (for example, case studies and discussion questions)
■Individual and group papers
■Literature analyses
■Use of online library resources
■Online quizzes and exams. "
Using individual and group assignments in online education is another question.
Evaluating an online group activity is an important issue.
Another question emerged from this issue: How Fair are Group Assignments?written by Marilyn Ford and Jenny Morice, 2003 from the Journal of information technology education.
second to answer the question How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?, i found this article that contains all the important information: The Online Teacher's Workload--What to Expect and How to Handle It, that was written By Elizabeth Armentor, focusing aspects like "Teachers want to help their students succeed in class, and technology has improved their accessibility. Instead of waiting to talk after class or going to your office hours, a student can shoot off an email at midnight and you can answer it the next morning. An online class increases the prevalence of this phenomenon, but being too available can quickly lead to the impression that you're always "on call." This can contribute to burnout. Consequently, organization and time management are the keys to handling the workload of an online class. "
you as a teacher must Organize Your Workspace, Organize Yourself, Organize your Class,Automate When Possible, Set Boundaries and specialy Be Patient.
In the article How to manage your Online Teacher workload ,written by Kate Buttler (2003) i found another perspective of how to organize the teacher's work as the author's say "Quite often when considering online workload issues, it can be tempting to focus on how to minimise it, though care should be taken as reducing workload can have a negative impact on student workload and learning quality. It may be more productive to think about how to manage online teacher workload effectively and this can be done in context with maintaining overall learning experience. Online teaching workload can be managed through successful time and information management, aspects of course design and effective teacher and technical support."
Aspects like Time management, Information management, Course design, Technologies, Timing and structure, Teacher Support and Technical Support must be considered.
"You will find, with experience, that you develop your own strategies for managing your workload, depending on the type of programme you are teaching, your students and your work arrangements. It may be that some workload management strategies need to be provided by your employer whilst others depend upon your own awareness and needs. With attention to time and information management, sympathetic course design and suitable support, you should be able to find an approach that works for you and allows you to manage your workload effectively."
Blagojevic,Nina,Online Study Orientation to Online Study-An Online Education with UMUC-University of Maryland University College
http://umuc.learnhub.com/lesson/14721-an-online-education-with-umuc
accessed in 18 November 2009 (1 page)
Lewis, Kadriye O., 2006,"Evaluation of online group activities: Intra-group member Peer evaluation"- 22nd Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning,
http://www.uwex.edu/disted/conference/Resource_library/proceedings/06_4136.pdf
accessed in 18 November 2009 (4 pages)
Ford, Marilyn and Morice,Jenny,2003, "How Fair are Group Assignments? A Survey of Students and Faculty and a Modest Proposal"-Journal of Information Technology Education
http://informingscience.org/jite/documents/Vol2/v2p367-378-42.pdf
accessed in 18 November 2009 (12 Pages)
Armentor, Elizabeth, , "The Online Teacher's Workload--What to Expect and How to Handle It"
http://www.worldwidelearn.com/teachers-aid/article/the-online-teachers-workload.htm
accessed in 18 November 2009 (1 Page)
Butler, Kate,13 August, 2003, "How to manage your Online Teacher workload"
http://community.flexiblelearning.net.au/ManagingFlexibleDelivery/content/article_4180.htm
accessed in 18 November 2009 (2 Pages)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This annotated bibliography will respond to the questions raised by the professor. I’ll use different articles to answer to the following questions:
1. Which online teaching techniques do you prefer?
2. What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
3. How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
From the several Online learning techniques refereed by Professor Paulsen
This annotated bibliography will respond to the questions raised by the professor. I’ll use different articles to answer to the following questions:
1. Which online teaching techniques do you prefer?
2. What are the implications of using individual and group assignments in online education?
3. How can we secure a reasonable workload for online teachers?
From the several Online learning techniques refereed by Paulsen in his free web version, entitled Online Education and Learning Management Systems. I prefer starting with a Learning contract, a technique that is considered to be used to individualize the learning process, by making an agreement that details what’s going to be learned, the objectives, competencies, the course contents, the work methodology, the resources and all the required readings, the learning environment that’s going to be used, assessment and the timeline that shows the temporal distribution of all activities.
Another teaching technique that I found important in teaching online is the Debate, consisting of as “Seaman and Fellenz (1989, 65) wrote: “A debate is a structured discussion during which two sides of an issue are presented and argued by two or more individuals within a given time period.”
Knox (1987, 88) offered another explanation: “Similar to a lecture or panel, but two or four debaters argue two sides of an important issue to clarify differences and related reasoning… Clark (1992a, 58) offered these guidelines for an electronic debate with regard to participation, preparation, coordination, and evaluation:
▪ Participation. A debate could engage two classes that agree to participate actively, two teachers who know how to telecompute, one impartial coordinator who knows how to telecompute, an experienced debater to help students learn the process, and two or more evaluators familiar with the proposition.
▪ Preparation. Give the coordinator a list of curriculum-related issues, become familiar with the evaluation criteria, and decide whether a winner will be declared. Set up speech deadlines within a four-week framework, and agree on a maximum word length for each speech. Organize classes into teams by role or by speech, and have groups research both sides of a proposition
▪ Coordination. The coordinator should formulate and announce the proposition, randomly assign groups to affirmative or negative, and channel speeches between the two sides. Further, the coordinator should mediate the debate, keep team identities secret until after the last speech is sent, and enlist evaluators and manage the evaluation process.
▪ Evaluation. After the debate, feedback from the evaluators could be discussed and students could exchange comments on the issue and process. “
Another teaching technique that I prefer is Role-plays that is “according to Rothwell and Kazanas, role-play is “a range of methods in which trainees put themselves in dramatic situations and act out scenes like actors in a play.... There are essentially two kinds of role-play: structured and spontaneous.... Structured role-play is based on a case study.... Spontaneous role-plays are based on momentary experiences.”
Another one is Discussion, where discussion groups may be implemented as buzz groups, subgroup discussions, expanding groups, and colloquies.
Buzz groups are “small clusters of learners who are temporarily grouped together for a short period to address a topic presented by a facilitator.” (Seaman and Fellenz 1989, 131)
Forums is another teaching technique that “can be defined as “an open discussion carried on by one or more resource persons and an entire group. It is used when large groups of twenty-five persons or more meet for the purpose of diffusion of knowledge, information, or opinion. The forum tends to be semiformal in nature and is directed by a moderator. The moderator is responsible for guiding discussion during which the audience is encouraged to raise and discuss issues, make comments, offer information, or ask questions of the resource person(s) and each other.”
Harisim, phrased some teaching techniques and I selected the ones that I consider importants :”
▪ Small group discussions. In small group discussions, three to ten users discuss a particular topic, usually guided by an instructor or a group leader. The discussion often follows a seminar discussion or a plenary discussion. It may also complement a parallel face-to- face or online activity.
▪ Learning partnerships and dyads. In learning partnerships and dyads, learners are paired for mutual support and group work. These techniques can serve as icebreakers in early phases of online classes and they are also useful for joint writing projects.
▪ Small working groups. Small working groups can facilitate collaborative work. Student groups can, for example, solve problems, undertake research projects, and write reports. Effective groups, though, require clearly defined tasks, roles, and timeliness.
▪ 6. Simulations or role-plays. Simulations and role-plays allow students to apply and test theoretical knowledge in a simulated environment. Examples of successful role-plays in online environments.In the evaluation manor, learners assume the perspectives of various evaluators to debate evaluation procedures and approaches.
▪ Debating teams. In debating teams, learners have the opportunity to improve their analytical and communication skills by formulating ideas, defending positions, and critiquing counter positions.
▪ Peer learning groups. In peer learning groups, learners assist one another with writing assignments, problem solving, etc. Students may, for example, collaborate online to improve their writing skills.
▪ Informal socializing: the online cafe. Since social communication is an essential compo- nent of educational activity, online educational environments should provide opportuni- ties for informal discourse. An online cafe can contribute to a sense of community among the users, forging a social bond that may offer motivational and cognitive benefits.
▪ Mutual assistance for help. Valuable online support, based on mutual assistance, can be organized in an online conference where students can ask one another for help. Such a conference may be especially useful with regard to technical problems and system support.
▪ Access to additional educational resources. Additional online resources for educational use include international networks, databases, library catalogues, and information pools. To benefit the curriculum, these resources could be an integral part of the online activities.”
the Teaching Techniques Discussed by Rekkedal and Paulsen were:"
1. Distribution of information. Distance teaching systems need to increase the efficiency of distributing and updating information to students, faculty, and staff. Computer con- ferencing can, for example, be used for distribution of updated learning materials and information about courses, seminars, examinations, and student activities.
2. Two-way communication between student, tutor and staff. In most distance teaching sys- tems, submission of assignments for correction, evaluation, and feedback is important. Research shows that extended turnaround times may have destructive effects on course completion. It often takes too long for students to get help when they encounter prob- lems in their studies. To some extent, telephone support has been used in these situa- tions, but computer conferencing systems function more conveniently. Students may, for example, ask questions at any time, without the time delay of land mail. Draft solutions may be discussed, introducing a more flexible organization of tutoring and assessment. Student answers may be made available to other students, before or after submission deadline. Computer-scored tests can also be included in online systems, as a substitute for traditional off-line computer scoring. In higher-level education, two-way communi- cation by e-mail may be used in the guidance of individual student projects.
3. An alternative to face-to-face teaching, introduction of group discussion and project work.
3. Many distance education programs include occasional face-to-face meetings between tutors and students, but practical or geographical considerations restrict many students from taking part in these meetings. Sometimes, face-to-face meetings develop into one- way presentation of subject matter. Computer conferencing, on the other hand, mainly involves information exchange and interpersonal discussion. Electronic classroom discussions can develop into exciting experiences of group learning. In the same vein, the medium seems to foster equality of status between the participants. Finally, special group-learning techniques – such as group submission of assignments, group learning and presentations, seminars, and project work – may be applied.
4. The public tutorial. Most distance education systems are designed for individual learning, but communication between one tutor and a number of individual learners is time- consuming. Questions, answers, and comments from one student will, however, often be of relevance to others. In a conferencing system, such interaction could be made accessible to all students along with pre-produced information of general interest.
5. Peer counseling. Informal peer counseling and cooperation are regular activities in on- campus programs. In computer conferencing, the possibilities for such collaboration are obvious and actively supported in the majority of learning programs. Peer help in solving problems may often come from an unknown friend. Peer counseling may be of particular value in large-scale systems where hundreds of learners are studying the same subject.
6. Free flow discussion. A number of educational conferencing systems have established social conferences, such as the cafe, the pub, or the coffee shop. These conferences have shown that informal discussions and non-academic activities can thrive in edu- cational conferencing systems.
7. The library. In an online text database, articles, lectures, research reports, etc. can be made available to the students.2
Teaching Techniques Discussed by Kaye
In a literature review paper on collaborative learning, Kaye (1992) described the following seven applications of CMC in education and training programs:
..."2. The online classroom. Applications of the online classroom model have often been inspired by the “virtual classroom”. First, the group size is comparable to that in a face-to-face class. Second, there is at least one person responsible for guiding the group’s activities and, third, computer conferencing represents the principal mode of communication. Varieties of online class- rooms depend on the age of student groups, the educational levels, and the roles taken by the people responsible for the groups."
...
"4. Computer-supported writing and language learning. Since the combination of CMC and word processors essentially has a textual nature, it has attracted interest within the field of the teaching of writing and language skills. Examples include Connected Education’s creative writing courses and Rio Salado Community College’s courses in creative writing, technical writing, and English composition."
6. Lecture-room adjunct. In large on-campus lecture classes, there is little time for individual students to ask questions and the format does not invite discussion. In such a context, universi- ties may establish conferences where students can get help from teachers and other students.
7. The education utility. The education utility is a set of online resources that students and faculty can access.
Paulsen, Morten Flate, 2003, "ONLINE EDUCATION LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS"
REVIEW COPY
http://home.nki.no/morten/index.php/norsk-meny/artikler/mine-powerpoint/doc_download/8-online-education-and-learning-management-systems.html
accessed in November 2009 (37 pages)
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I found the article “Preparing Instructors for Quality Online Instruction”, written by Yi Yang and Linda F. Cornelious from Mississippi State University, very interesting and with some interesting information.
As the author’s of the article say …”there is a considerable interest in online education, particularly as it relates to the quality of online instruction.” Exists many issues that must be discussed, such as the answers to the following questions placed by the author’s: …” What will be the new role for instructors in online education? How will students' learning outcomes be assured and improved in online learning environment? How will effective communication and interaction be established with students in the absence of face-to-face instruction? How will instructors motivate students to learn in the online learning environment?”
It depends on the instructors, the success of one online course, first of all, it is an innovative technique of teaching and online instruction must be effective, attending to the challenges and barriers of the online teaching and for the Instructors.
The instructors will have new roles to play and new responsibilities and they have to adapt themselves to this new era in teaching. They must be prepared to leave the learning centred in the teacher in one classroom and accept the challenge of the centred student education.
There’s a role shifting that the teacher/instructor must assist, accept and join.
It’s not only the instructor that is changing but also the learner. They both have to play multiple roles and adjust to new roles. They must adapt to new environments, and they also must be open mind for the usage of technology. Teachers must deal with feelings such as frustration and must help students to overcome with their problems on the usage of technology.
Both teacher/instructor and learner must be motivated and be prepared for the asynchronous communication.
The learner must play a more active role.
The students must ensure their integrity and their honesty while attending to an online course.
The quality of online education must be assured by facing the new challenges and adjusting the attitudes facing the new opportunities, new teaching styles, adapting new strategies in the course design, new teaching methods, new learning environments, and all this must start before the online course and must be carefully planned.
“… online education has the following features: (a) it provides a learning experience different than in the traditional classroom because learners are different, (b) the communication is via computer and World Wide Web, (c) participation in classroom by learners are different, (d) the social dynamic of the learning environment is changed, and (e) discrimination and prejudice is minimized”
“…face-to-face interaction can be substituted by online discussions in bulletin board systems, online video conferences… Online education can also promote students' critical thinking skills, deep learning, collaborative learning, and problem-solving skills.”
“Alley and Jansak (2001) have also identified 10 keys to quality online learning. The authors suggested that online courses will be high quality when they are student-centered and when:
• Knowledge is constructed, not transmitted.
• Students can take full responsibility for their own learning.
• Students are motivated to want to learn.
• The course provides “mental white space” for reflection.
• Learning activities appropriately match student learning styles.
• Experiential, active learning augments the Web site learning environment,
• Solitary and interpersonal learning activities are interspersed.
• Inaccurate prior learning is identified and corrected.
• “Spiral learning” provides for revisiting and expanding prior lessons,
• The master teacher is able to guide the overall learning process.”
“To ensure the quality of online instruction, the qualification of the instructors should be a first consideration. Since the preparation of instructors is also paramount, those who teach online courses should understand what their roles are and adjust their attitudes for this role change. Second, it is important for instructors to master, design, and delivery strategies, techniques, and methods for teaching online courses. Third, the institution should provide technical and financial support for faculty. Fourth, school administrators should also realize what their role and responsibilities are in ensuring quality online instruction. Critical to this process, administrators should recruit qualified faculty or instructors for their online education programs. Moore (2001) also noted that to effectively deliver online courses, faculty must promote student-to-student interaction with minimal faculty intervention, engage students in regular assignments, cultivate students' self-directed abilities, and then provide specialized attention to students who lack self-directedness.
The increasing diversity of the nation's student population and advancements in the development of educational technology has encouraged the popularity of online instruction
(Bi, 2000). However, academic institutions that offer courses online still face many challenges. Therefore, administrative support is crucial if programs are to be successful. Administrators must consider issues related to intellectual property, pedagogical rigor and methods, course management, and instructional compensation of faculty (McAlister, Rivera, & Hallman, 2003). In essence, successful online instruction does not happen by magic. It is a collaboration of instructors, administrators, students, and the community at large. The courseware development industries should keep the instructors tuned in about their product updates and provide training and technical service support to instructors. The government, community, and parents should also help the school to ensure the quality of online instruction.
Moving from traditional methods of teaching to online methods of instruction often create dramatic shifts in the perspectives of instructors and their students (Dringus, 2000). Moreover, many issues have been raised about the quality of online instruction:
• Administrators should not force faculty to teach online courses who do not wish to do so.
• Training in WebCT should be made more user friendly.
• Mentors should be available in each department or college who can answer questions that come up from faculty who have limited experience in teaching online courses.
• Departments should limit the enrollment in online courses so that instructors will be more focused on communicating and interacting with online students.
• Instructors need to take courses to better understand technology; specific classes need to be taken in order to design websites for online courses.
• Instructors must have the support of other instructors who have taught online courses before, as well as administrative and technical support.
• Instructors should consider how to increase the interaction between students-instructor and peer-interactions by using various types of instructional design methods.
• Instructors should encourage students to evaluate the courses continuously and periodically so as to improve online teaching.”
Yang,Yi and Cornelious, Linda F., Spring 2005,"Preparing Instructors for Quality Online Instruction"-Online Journal of Distance Learning
http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6682339656181159349&postID=102141284252878044
accessed in November 2009 (18 pages)
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Online Learning Techniques
I found this teaching tips very interesting.
101 THINGS YOU CAN DO THE FIRST THREE WEEKS OF CLASSthat was writen by Joyce T. Povlacs Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
...and since we must be carefull with the verbal comments, personal behavior, physical environments, and printed signs, you also must see these list of items, made by William Watson Purkey and John M. Novak.
Because we all need some tips about THE MOST IMPORTANT DAY: STARTING WELL by Delivee L. Wright
Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska.
Where do we start? the first day of class: WHAT CAN/SHOULD WE DO?By L. Dee Fink.
Well, i found that everything in this page is so interesting that you should visit in here. It talkes about what procedures to take from the first day, how to prepare a course, how to prepare a lesson plan, teaching techniques, course design, tools for students, assessment, teaching organization, motivating students, dealing with stress,etc.and was reprinted by Delivee L. Wright,
Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska.
Povlacs, Joyce T., , "101 THINGS YOU CAN DO THE FIRST THREE WEEKS OF CLASS"-
Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/101thing.htm
accessed in November 2009 (5 pages)
Purkey, William Watson and Novak,John M., 1994,"FORTY SUCCESSES"-Inviting School Success, Wadworth
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/40succes.htm
accessed in November 2009 (4 pages)
Wright, Delivee L., July 30, 1999,"THE MOST IMPORTANT DAY: STARTING WELL"
Teaching and Learning Center, University of Nebraska.
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/dayone.htm
accessed in November 2009 (5 pages)
Fink,L. Dee, July 19, 1999, "FIRST DAY OF CLASS: WHAT CAN/SHOULD WE DO?"-University of Oklahoma
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/firstday.htm
accessed in November 2009 (2 pages)
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In this annotated bibliography, i will try to respond to this important questions raised by professor Paulsen. I'll try to comment different articles in order to answer the following questions:
1.How much transparency should we allow in online education?
2.What are the implications of transparency in online education?
3.What are the pros and cons of global student catalogues?
The first article is Transparency in Cooperative Online Education by Christian Dalsgaard,
Aarhus University, Denmark and Morten Flate Paulsen, The Norwegian School of Information Technology, Norway
Transparency can be considered as a strategy that reach, catch, hold, motivate, and inspire students. Transparency gives students insight into each other’s actions.The pedagogical potential of social networking lies within transparency and the ability to create awareness among students...A central characteristic of social networking is the potential to facilitate transparency between students. The basic assumption is that transparency is important to cooperative online education. People can cooperate only if they know about each other and have access to some common information and services."(Paulsen and Dalsgaard, June 2009)
Here is a definition of Transparency by Paulsen and Dalsgaard: "Transparency means that you and your doings are visible to fellow students and teachers within a learning environment. For instance, transparency could mean that students and teachers are made aware of and have access to each other’s interests, thoughts, concerns, ideas, writings, references, and assignments. The purpose of transparency is to enable students and teachers to see and follow the work of fellow students and teachers within a learning environment and in that sense to make participants available to each other as resources for their learning activities."
Each individual creates his/her own page wich he/she develops and modifies as it develops its activities. Other people can follow these pages. It is called passive form of communication and sharing.
The discussion forums, are the opposite of this type of personal page and is a place where students send comments, posts, messages or documents in order to communicate or share.
Having a personal page (weblog or other...) is a form of socialization since it is connected to other personal pages and the indivudual is notified whenever a page is modified. In general it is buildt a network of personal relations. This is what is happening with us in this master. We are enable to follow the work of our colleagues and be aware of the activities they are developing and even make use of that information that we consider important. Everyone should be voluntary engaged to a network and contribute to the learning community. A commitment should be established so that the individual can serve as a resource for all the learning community.
"This transparent information may include personal information about the users and statistics related to the users’ deployment of the online tools. It may further include work students and teachers provide in online notebooks, blogs, and discussion forums as well as results from quizzes, surveys, and assignments."
" Transparency is also an important driver for improved quality. It has the following three positive effects on quality:
Preventive quality improvement
We are prone to provide better quality when we know that others have access to the information and contributions we provide.
Constructive quality improvement
We may learn from others when we have access to their data and contributions.
Reactive quality improvement
We may receive feedback from others when they have access to our data and contributions."
"Transparency may reduce the number of low quality contributions and may make high quality work more accessible as paragons for others. In transparent online learning environments, poor contributions from teachers and course designers cannot be hidden easily behind closed doors. It is important to realize that transparency must be handled carefully with regard to privacy issues. The users must be confident that their privacy is assured. They should be able to choose their preferred privacy level and understand how this choice controls how much of their personal data and contributions will be available to others."
In the article written by Christopher Hill, Principles for Improving Online Transparency, Quality it is focused aspects like: What are the benefits of every online student be well-informed,..."." A key focus of the plan is providing program-specific outcomes data that allows students to make informed decisions about their education investment",he says.
“To meet the education needs of adult students, we must provide them with trustworthy and transparent ways to choose among many available options and to gauge the potential of each one to further their careers.” The goal of the program is “to lead universities and colleges toward greater accountability and transparency.”, said Michael Offerman, president of Capella University.
"All types of transparency in Online education are very important, aspects like student demographics, completion rates, costs, student engagement, and knowledge and skills learned are essencial information for students.This kind of data can be viewed in annual reports." Most important, Transparency by Design reports include outcomes at the program specialization level, allowing prospective students to assess how well a program will prepare them for their professional pursuits."
"One of the requirements for implementing Transparency by Design is the development of a new set of best practices for participating institutions. “You want to make sure things are in place at the institutional level,”" says Merle Harris, president of Charter Oaks State College, who has been instrumental in developing just such standards. “Collectively we went back and we looked at best practices that have been put out by other organizations for online learning and then we developed our set based on those,” she says.
"Merle Harris, president of Charter Oaks State College and her associates concluded that there were a few basic principles for institutions that really want to be transparent." You can take a look on them by reading this two articles: Principles for Improving Online Transparency, Quality and More Principles for Improving Online Transparency, Quality.
The principels for improving online transparency are:
#1 Make distance education a central element of your mission:
#2 Accountability to stakeholders:
#3 Responsiveness:
#4 Faculty competence:
#5 Institutional integrity:
#6 Excellence in student services:
#7 Integrity in marketing:
#8 Curricular quality:
“The keys are disclosure, transparency, the ability to interact with students easily and the quality of the curriculum. So that we know what we’re trying to achieve and we regularly measure it.”
In this blog entitled Higher Education Management Group
A LinkedIn Group (Founded by Keith Hampson, PhD) if found one post that consists in an interview with Dr. Mike Offerman, Capella University entitled: Quality, Access and Transparency in Higher Education focusing aspects like: Quality in higher education, the capacity (and willingness) to meet the needs of “non-traditional” learners, What role does increased access to data on institutional performance and student learning play in higher ed reform.
"It was access to data that drove the creation of Transparency by Design. We realized that the online delivery format generates huge amounts of data. Unprecedented data—data on every interaction in the learning exchange, including data about demonstrations of learning outcomes. But, most of us were not looking at the data in any coherent manner.", says Dr. Mike Offerman.
I also foud this list of 21 questions that will help you (student) choose the degree program that is right for you.
"Learner characteristics are influenced by several factors, including:
•Locus of control: Is the individual student in control of the learning or are there external forces in charge of what the student learns?
•Task orientation: Is the learner able to stay on task without going too far astray?
•Level of motivation: Is the learner intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated?", as refered by Christopher Hill in his article:Online Course Design Should Consider Learner Characteristics.
In my opinion, distance Education Resistance is origined by the lack of transparency in all aspects. See tha article:Distance Education Resistance: Understanding Its Origins, written by Christopher Hill.
Paulsen and Dalsgaard considered that "Student catalogues are important tools for showing students that they have access to a learning community. A comprehensive catalogue that provides relevant information about students is crucial to students acquiring an overview of the learning community. Student catalogues usually provide information about all students enrolled in a course; however, if students can access information about the students enrolled in other courses offered by the institution, they may benefit from taking part in a larger learning community. Moreover, a catalog that includes alumni could be of interest to students who seek advice on courses they are considering or on future employment.To facilitate cooperation, a student catalogue should include information that makes it easy to initiate and maintain communication, such as e-mail addresses, telephone numbers, chatting identities, etc. It may also include information on geographical location (e.g., zip codes) to facilitate identification of potential partners for occasional face-to-face meetings. Similarly, it may include progress plan information so that students can identify peers who are working with the same study unit. Finally, one may argue that student catalogues should include CV-type information to make it possible to search for peers who have special competencies.
Student catalogues must address privacy issues appropriately. Some information in student catalogues may be regarded as sensitive and may require student consent. Some students may also be opposed to inclusion in a student catalogue."
The students who seek learning partners are asked to do the following:
1.Register their personal presentations.
2.Decide who may access their presentations.
3.Search for potential learning partners.
4.Invite somebody to become their learning partner. "
"The new challenge is to motivate students to engage in joint work...transparency is a prerequisite for distance students to work cooperatively.
Transparency enables students to be visible to each other as potential partners and resources
an important objective is to support an individual’s consciousness and awareness of the activities of others. This can be achieved by making a variety of information transparent, for instance by developing student catalogues and learner profiles, by encouraging learners to become partners, and by sharing personal learning tools.
Whereas discussion forums and other tools for direct communication and collaboration focus on direct sharing, social networking can support students’ indirect sharing of resources, thoughts, ideas, productions, writings, notes, etc. This kind of sharing can provide students with insights into the workings of other students, and, thus, give them an increased consciousness and awareness of the activities of other students.(Paulsen and Dalsgaard, 2009)
"The pedagogical potential lies within developing social networks in which students’ activities are visible to other students. The potential is to support transparency through a combination of personalization and socialization and through sharing personal information and tools within social networks". (Social networking sites: Transparency in online education, Dalsgaard 2006)
Paulsen, Morten Flate and Dalsgaard,Christian, June 2009, "Transparency in Cooperative Online Education"
http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/671/1267
accessed in 5 January 2010 (22 pages)
Hill,Christopher, October 20, 2009, "Principles for Improving Online Transparency, Quality"
http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/distance-learning/principles-for-improving-online-transparency-quality/
accessed in 5 January 2010
Hill,Christopherin, October 20, 2009, "More Principles for Improving Online Transparency"
http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/distance-learning/more-principles-for-improving-online-transparency-quality/
accessed in 5 January 2010
Offerman, Mike , November 18, 2009, "Quality, Access and Transparency in Higher Education"
http://highereducationmanagement.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/dr-mike-offerman-capella-university-quality-access-and-transparency-in-higher-education/
accessed in 5 January 2010
http://www.collegechoicesforadults.org/welcome/questions
accessed in 5 January 2010
Hill,Christopher, August 6, 2009, "Online Course Design Should Consider Learner Characteristics"
http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/distance-learning/online-course-design-should-consider-learner-characteristics/
accessed 6 January
Hill,Christopher, July 14, 2009 "Distance Education Resistance: Understanding Its Origins"
http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/distance-learning/distance-education-resistance-understanding-its-origins/
accessed in 5 January 2010
Dalsgaard, Christian,, "Social networking sites: Transparency in online
education"
http://eunis.dk/papers/p41.pdf
accessed in 6 January 2010 (6 pages)
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Transparency in Cooperative Online Education
I found this interesting article "Transparency in Cooperative Online Education" that was written by Professor Morten Flate Paulsen
and professor Christian Dalsgaard that discuss: What is the potential of social networking within cooperative online education? the authors argue about transparency as a unique feature of social networking services.
The article talks about cooperative learning, virtual learning environments and transparency based on experiences experienced by the authors.
Paulsen, Morten Flate and Dalsgaard,Christian, June 2009, "Transparency in Cooperative Online Education"
http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/671/1267
accessed in accessed in 5 January 2010 (22 pages)
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